Con: bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty for pelvic fracture urethral injuries.

Current literature remains controversial regarding whether to treat patients sustaining pelvic fracture urethral injuries (PFUIs) with primary endoscopic realignment (PER) versus suprapubic tube (SPT) placement alone with elective bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty (BMAU). Success rates for PER following PFUI are wide-ranging, depending on various authors' definitions of what defines a successful outcome. At our institution, for SPT/BMAU patients, the mean time to definitive resolution of stenosis was dramatically shorter compared to PER cases. The vast majority of PER patients required multiple endoscopic urethral interventions and/or experienced various other adverse events which were rarely noted among the SPT/BMAU group. While PER does occasionally result in urethral patency without the need for further intervention, the risk of delay in definitive treatment and potential for adverse events has led to a preference for SPT and elective BMAU at our institution.

Introduction

Acute management of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) remains a controversial and difficult decision for urologists. As the literature is comprised of predominantly case series, meaningful comparisons of primary endoscopic realignment (PER) vs. suprapubic tube (SPT)/bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty (BMAU) are challenging (1,2). Some surgeons prefer to leave the SPT for several months, followed by an elective BMAU. Others attempt to re-establish urethral continuity early with realignment. A potential benefit of PER is avoidance of the need for urethroplasty altogether, or a decrease in the technical difficulty of additional procedures, though this too remains debatable.

SPT placement alone almost inevitably results in urethral stenosis in PFUI patients (3), but it is nearly always amenable to BMAU after a period of time allowing for tissue healing. In the large proportion of patients in whom PER fails, multiple interval interventions often subject them to painful office dilations, lost time from work, and significant delay in return to unobstructed voiding (4). At our tertiary care institution, patients are routinely referred from outside facilities having undergone either form of treatment, and those who were primarily realigned endured significantly more procedures and longer time-intervals before re-establishment of their urethral continuity.

PER-related complications

Proponents of PER advocate the potential for earlier return to voiding with obviation of the need for future urethral reconstruction. Additionally, the strictures that do develop may be shorter and the urethra better aligned for the subsequent urethroplasty (5,6). However, our experience has found that neither result is achieved, with no difference in average stricture length or mean operative time in PER vs. SPT/BMAU patients (4).

Although literature over the preceding half century has been variable and inconclusive, PER does appear to reduce the risk of urethral stricture development by about 30% (7). In a recent meta-analysis of published reports over the last three decades, the authors concluded that PER reduces stricture rates by 37.2%, with a number needed to treat of 2.76 (8). Recent single-institution studies corroborate these results with success rates ranging between 14% and 45% (9-11). PER patients do tend to maintain some degree of urethral patency, however we have noticed that they tend to undergo numerous endoscopic or office procedures over lengthy periods of time—often continued for years or even decades (4).

Repeated endoscopic procedures in patients with anterior (bulbar) stricture disease result in similar delays. Hudak et al. reported a delay of nearly 16 years in patients who underwent two or more endoscopic repairs prior to urethroplasty, compared to only 2 years for those receiving 0-1 previous treatments; increasing complexity and difficulty of repair was also noted following repeated instrumentation (12). Park and McAninch also noted that straddle injuries treated by PER tended to require more (not less) complicated repairs than those treated by SPT/BMAU (13).

Urethral strictures after PER

The acute nature of a PFUI can be turned into a chronic unstable state by PER, with the resultant tenuous urethral patency requiring daily self-dilation or multiple office procedures. Men strongly prefer not to be subjected to such interventions, often fearing the threat of recurrent urinary retention and accompanying interventions (14). “Minimally- invasive” procedures are generally futile, and urethrotomy has only a transient efficacy, with low success rates published at less than 10% (15). As the urethra is a delicate anatomic structure, increasing the frequency of dilation-associated assault inflicts unnecessary tissue injury, resulting in pain, false passages (), bleeding, and lost time from work.

Figure 1

An endoscopic view of a patient on self-catheterization for a bulbar urethral stricture who developed false passages distal to the scarred segment.

Furthermore, PER followed by repeated instrumentation seemed to complicate performance of posterior urethroplasty, an already challenging procedure. Repeated dilations can propagate scar formation, increasing periurethral fibrosis (12). At our institution, we also noted a wide range of adverse events in PER patients: synchronous stricture formation, false passages, initial urethroplasty failure, and/or infectious complications. Admittedly, these complications were likely not related to PER itself, but rather to the subsequent aggressive endoscopic manipulations required following impending urinary retention after being lost to follow up (4).

We acknowledge that PER may be successful in select cases, resulting in durable urethral patency. However, close follow-up and/or prompt referral to a reconstructive subspecialist in the event of stricture formation is imperative. Despite most authorities recommending routine evaluations following PER (11), it is clear that many men are being lost to follow-up and/or dilated indefinitely without referral to a subspecialist. Fortunately, in experienced hands, BMAU is effective as a salvage strategy regardless of initial and subsequent management.

SPT and BMAU

Extreme forces are necessary to cause a pelvic fracture, and patients often sustain concomitant, life-threatening injuries that warrant emergent intervention. Emergent management of the bladder can be safely accomplished with placement of an SPT, and though concern for infectious complications in the setting of orthopedic hardware sometimes precludes the procedure, to our knowledge there is no scientific literature to support this claim. After placement of an SPT (which can be done at the time of laparotomy or percutaneously), patients can recover from the initial insult and be referred to a specialist for further management. Although a urethral stricture is almost inevitable, urethroplasty can be performed in a controlled setting after allowing for tissue healing (16-20).

Complete stricture excision with primary tension-free anastomosis (EPA) is the gold standard approach for resolution of obstructive urethral lesions. Contemporary success rates of anastomotic urethroplasty for both PFUIs and for bulbar strictures are reported in the range of 93% (3,21). In a canine experiment from 1970, McRoberts and Ragde severed the urethras of 22 dogs and repaired the defects by precise mucosal apposition with sutured anastomoses in half and compared subsequent stricture rates to those realigned with catheters alone (22). Nearly all (10/11, 91%) urethras stented with catheters only developed strictures, while none of the repaired urethras stenosed. Histological analysis confirmed that catheter stenting alone results in retraction of the severed urethral ends into periurethral tissue, caused by contraction of the intimately associated muscle layer. The intervening gap was not replaced by re-epithelialization, but rather by fibrotic scar, as is the case with PFUIs.

At our institution, delayed urethroplasty after SPT is the preferred management algorithm for PFUI. Posterior urethroplasty has been successful for resolution of stricture in 100% of patients initially managed by SPT and in 76% of patients who presented with strictures following attempts at PER (4). Though stricture length was similar between these two groups (2.6 vs. 2.8 cm, respectively), those patients undergoing PER had a significantly longer time-course to durable resolution (mean of 7 vs. 25 months, respectively). PER patients also experienced a median of four endoscopic interventions prior to definitively urethroplasty. Endoscopic realignment may be an appropriate management strategy in the acute setting; however, urologists should carefully consider the better and timelier outcomes of SPT placement and referral for definitive posterior urethroplasty.

BMAU technique

Following initial management with SPT, anastomotic urethroplasty is typically performed after 2-3 months. This period allows for tissue healing and reabsorption of the resultant hematoma, which is replaced by fibrous tissue (23-25). The principles of anastomotic urethroplasty must be followed: epithelial apposition, establishment and/or preservation of blood supply to the anastomosis, resection of scar providing healthy tissue to hold sutures, and preservation of bladder neck competence. Usually the end result of a PFUI is a relatively short bulbomembranous gap, amenable to a primary anastomosis ().

Figure 2

A representative retrograde urethrogram with attempt at voiding cystourethrogram in a patient who sustained a pelvic fracture while working construction. The distraction injury resulted in a scar that was amenable to excision and BMAU with a successful result. BMAU, bulbomembranous anastomotic urethroplasty.

In rare cases of high prostatic dislocation, longer defects of >2-3 cm may result. For these cases, various maneuvers have traditionally been employed. Although a step-wise approach described by Webster has been established (26), we have found that corporal splitting is rarely necessary, and the vasculature can be spared providing better support of the anastomosis. Aggressive distal urethral mobilization nearly always yields enough length to achieve a tension-free anastomosis, and in severe cases an inferior pubectomy can shorten the distance in order to complete the repair (19).

The BMAU technique involves a midline perineal incision. The urethra is divided as proximally as possible, at the distal-most aspect of the resultant scar tissue from the hematoma. The urethra is then mobilized distally, allowing sufficient length to bridge the gap. The fibrotic scar is completely excised (), revealing healthy urothelium for the proximal anastomosis. Anastomotic sutures of 5-0 polydioxanone (PDS) sutures on RB-1 needles in a 12-suture, “clock-face” configurations are used to reapproximate the mucosa (). Double-armed sutures are beneficial in ensuring mucosal edges are incorporated, while also allowing for the knots to be tied on the extra-luminal side of the urethra. A 16 French Foley catheter is then left for 3 weeks to allow for tissue healing.

Figure 3

(A) Fibrous plug excised in a patient who sustained a PFUI. Complete excision of all scar tissue is imperative when preparing the urethral ends for anastomotic urethroplasty. (B) A 12-suture clock-face configuration allows for precise urothelial apposition when performing the anastomosis. PFUI, pelvic fracture urethral injury.

Limitations

When reviewing the literature, it is difficult to make definitive statements regarding the superiority of either PER or SPT/BMAU for acute management of PFUI. Published reports include different methods of achieving realignment, variable definitions of success, and there is as of yet no prospective, controlled trial comparing the two methods. Injury severity may affect outcomes as well, and this is also not well-reported in the literature.

PER may avoid open urethral reconstruction in a minority of patients, but it is impossible to predict who will fail and require operative repair. Our institutional experience has demonstrated the potential pitfalls that result from PER patients being lost to follow-up and/or subjected to multiple interval procedures, and for this reason we prefer to place an SPT in the acute setting and perform an elective BMAU in a controlled setting allowing ample time for tissue healing.

Additionally, with emphasis on decreasing economic burden to the healthcare system, physicians must provide the best possible care while reducing unnecessary costs. To our knowledge, no reports include a cost-analysis, but one can assume that the additional costs associated with the added interval follow-up visits, office procedures, and operative interventions required for PER patients would likely significantly outweigh the cost of patients undergoing SPT/BMAU.

Conclusions

Our experience has demonstrated the potential for PFUI patients to endure complex and prolonged treatment courses following PER. The multiple interval procedures necessary to maintain urethral patency can subject patients to unnecessary pain, time lost from work, and cost, while delaying their recovery. SPT placement and referral to specialized centers may significantly reduce the time course to return of unobstructed voiding and decrease the burden on our healthcare system.