Alcohol abuse after traumatic brain injury: Experimental and clinical evidence.

Brain injury survivors, particularly those injured early in life are very likely to abuse drugs and alcohol later in life. Alcohol abuse following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes and a greatly increased chance of suffering future head trauma. Thus, substance abuse among persons with brain injury reduces the chances for positive long-term outcomes and greatly increases the societal costs. In this review, we discuss the evidence for modulation of drinking behavior after TBI and the costs of problem drinking after TBI from both a biomedical and economic perspective. Further, we review the existing animal models of drinking after brain injury and consider the potential underlying psychosocial and neurobiological mediators of this phenomenon. In particular, we highlight the potential interactions among TBI, neuroinflammation and alcohol abuse. Substance abuse is a major problem in this vulnerable patient population and a greater understanding of the underlying biology has the potential to greatly improve outcomes.