Wei Wang1, Bixia Duan1, Li Zeng1. 1. Department of Oncology, Yongchuan Hospital Affiliated of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The DNA damage of the irradiated tumor cells is mainly single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs), in which the frequency of occurrence of SSBs is dozens of times than DSBs. However, most of the SSBs could be repaired by the Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) and other related factors. Recently listed drug-Olaparib (PARP1/PARP2/PARP3 inhibitor) could target the repair pathways of single strand breaks, and recent clinical trials of PARP inhibitors combined with chemotherapy obtained encouraging results. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of radiosensitization of Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitor-Olaparib on lewis cells and xenografts. METHODS: The inhibition concentration 10% inhibitory concentration (IC10) of Olaparib to Lewis cells was detected by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. The radiosensitization effect of Olaparib on Lewis cells was determined by classical colony forming assay. Lewis xenografts models were established, and the mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control group, Olaparib group, Radiotherapy group (RT, 2 Gy × 5 d), Olaparib combined with RT group. Xenograft volume was measured during the treatment. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis rate of the Lewis cells in each group, and the apoptosis of xenograft tissues was observed by TUNEL stain. The ralative protein levels of γH2AX (associated with DNA strand breaks repair), Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3 (apoptosis-associated protein) were detected by Western blot in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The IC10 value of Olaparib was 4.4 μmol/L. The radio-sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) of Olaparib combined with RT was 1.211 in vitro. Compared with RT (2 Gy × 5 d) alone, the combination of Olaparib with fractionated radiotherapy significantly increased the growth delay of Lewis xenografts (P<0.001). Flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis indicated that the apoptosis rate in the combination group was significantly higher than in RT group in vitro and in vivo (P<0.05). Furthermore, Western blot results confirmed that in the combination group the expression levels of γH2AX, Bax, Caspase-3 were increased, while that of Bcl-2 was decreased as opposed to RT group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of Olaprib and fractionated radiotherapy can markedly improve the radiobiological effects on lewis cells and xenografts, which may be induced by promoting the formation of DNA double strand break and upregulating the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 pro-apoptotic proteins.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The DNA damage of the irradiated tumor cells is mainly single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs), in which the frequency of occurrence of SSBs is dozens of times than DSBs. However, most of the SSBs could be repaired by the Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) and other related factors. Recently listed drug-Olaparib (PARP1/PARP2/PARP3 inhibitor) could target the repair pathways of single strand breaks, and recent clinical trials of PARP inhibitors combined with chemotherapy obtained encouraging results. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of radiosensitization of Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitor-Olaparib on lewis cells and xenografts. METHODS: The inhibition concentration 10% inhibitory concentration (IC10) of Olaparib to Lewis cells was detected by methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. The radiosensitization effect of Olaparib on Lewis cells was determined by classical colony forming assay. Lewis xenografts models were established, and the mice were randomly divided into four groups: Control group, Olaparib group, Radiotherapy group (RT, 2 Gy × 5 d), Olaparib combined with RT group. Xenograft volume was measured during the treatment. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis rate of the Lewis cells in each group, and the apoptosis of xenograft tissues was observed by TUNEL stain. The ralative protein levels of γH2AX (associated with DNA strand breaks repair), Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3 (apoptosis-associated protein) were detected by Western blot in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The IC10 value of Olaparib was 4.4 μmol/L. The radio-sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER) of Olaparib combined with RT was 1.211 in vitro. Compared with RT (2 Gy × 5 d) alone, the combination of Olaparib with fractionated radiotherapy significantly increased the growth delay of Lewis xenografts (P<0.001). Flow cytometry and TUNEL analysis indicated that the apoptosis rate in the combination group was significantly higher than in RT group in vitro and in vivo (P<0.05). Furthermore, Western blot results confirmed that in the combination group the expression levels of γH2AX, Bax, Caspase-3 were increased, while that of Bcl-2 was decreased as opposed to RT group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of Olaprib and fractionated radiotherapy can markedly improve the radiobiological effects on lewis cells and xenografts, which may be induced by promoting the formation of DNA double strand break and upregulating the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 pro-apoptotic proteins.
MTT试剂盒购于北京康为世纪生物科技公司,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染细胞凋亡检测试剂盒购于Biosciences公司,Olaparib-AZD2281购于Selleck Chemicals公司,BCA蛋白浓度测定、Beyo ECL Plus发光试剂购于上海碧云天生物技术公司,A nt i-Phospho -Hi stone H2AX(Ser139)购于Upstate公司,Bax、caspase-3、Bcl-2兔抗鼠单克隆抗体购于Abcam公司,TUNEL试剂盒购自美国罗氏公司。
Differential cell apoptotic rate in vitro. Cell apoptotic rate was measured by flow cytometry analysis. The apoptotic cells in Olaparib+RT group were significantly higher than the other three groups in vitro (all P < 0.05).
Lewis细胞体外凋亡率差异。流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡率,可见Olaparib+RT组细胞体外凋亡率显著高于其余三组(均P < 0.05)。Differential cell apoptotic rate in vitro. Cell apoptotic rate was measured by flow cytometry analysis. The apoptotic cells in Olaparib+RT group were significantly higher than the other three groups in vitro (all P < 0.05).
Differential cell apoptotic rate in vivo. Cell apoptotic rate in xenograft tissues was observed by TUNEL stain (×400). The apoptotic cells in Olaparib+RT group were significantly higher than the other three groups in vivo (all P < 0.05).
Lewis细胞体内凋亡率差异。TUNEL染色检测各组细胞凋亡情况(×400)。Olaparib+RT组细胞体内凋亡率显著高于其余三组(均P < 0.05)。Differential cell apoptotic rate in vivo. Cell apoptotic rate in xenograft tissues was observed by TUNEL stain (×400). The apoptotic cells in Olaparib+RT group were significantly higher than the other three groups in vivo (all P < 0.05).
DNA damage and apoptosis related protein expression of Lewis cells in vitro and in vivo. The ralative protein levels of γH2AX, Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3 were measured by Western blot. A: After Lewis cells were irradiated in vitro (2 Gy); B: After Lewis xenografts were irradiated (2 Gy×5 d). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs RT group.
Lewis细胞体内外DNA损伤及凋亡相关蛋白表达。A:Lewis细胞体外照射(2 Gy)后;B:Lewis移植瘤照射结束(2 Gy×5 d)后,Western blot检测γH2AX、Bax、Caspase-3、Bcl-2蛋白表达。*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01相较于RT组。DNA damage and apoptosis related protein expression of Lewis cells in vitro and in vivo. The ralative protein levels of γH2AX, Bax/Bcl-2, Caspase-3 were measured by Western blot. A: After Lewis cells were irradiated in vitro (2 Gy); B: After Lewis xenografts were irradiated (2 Gy×5 d). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs RT group.
Tumor-bearing mice and Lewis xenografts growth delay curves. A1: Xenografts were isolated for detecting at the next day after irradiated (2 Gy×5 d); A2: Tumor-bearing mice without xenograft rupture; A3: Tumor-bearing mice with xenograft rupture; B: Delay curves of Lewis xenografts increasing to quadruple size from the start.
荷瘤小鼠与移植瘤生长延缓曲线。A1:Lewis移植瘤照射(2 Gy×5 d)后剥取瘤块用于相关指标检测;A2:荷瘤小鼠(未破溃);A3:荷瘤小鼠(瘤块中心破溃);B:移植瘤增长至4倍初体积(1, 000 mm3)生长延缓曲线。Tumor-bearing mice and Lewis xenografts growth delay curves. A1: Xenografts were isolated for detecting at the next day after irradiated (2 Gy×5 d); A2: Tumor-bearing mice without xenograft rupture; A3: Tumor-bearing mice with xenograft rupture; B: Delay curves of Lewis xenografts increasing to quadruple size from the start.
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