Konstantinos N Fountoulakis1, Christos Savopoulos2, Prodromos Zannis3, Martha Apostolopoulou4, Ilias Fountoukidis5, Nikolaos Kakaletsis6, Ilias Kanellos7, Dimos Dimellis8, Thomas Hyphantis9, Athanasios Tsikerdekis10, Maurizio Pompili11, Apostolos I Hatzitolios12. 1. 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: kfount@med.auth.gr. 2. 1st Propedeutic Dept of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: chrisavop@hotmail.com. 3. Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: zanis@geo.auth.gr. 4. Internal Medicine Department, Agios Pavlos Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: marthaapost@gmail.com. 5. Internal Medicine Department, Agios Pavlos Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: iliasfount@gmail.com. 6. 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: kakaletsisnikos@yahoo.gr. 7. 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: eliotkan@yahoo.com. 8. 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: dimosdimellis@hotmail.com. 9. Department of Psychiatry, Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece. Electronic address: thomashyphantis@outlook.com. 10. Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: tsike@geo.auth.gr. 11. Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: maurizio.pompili@uniroma1.it. 12. 1st Propedeutic Dept of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: axatzito@med.auth.gr.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Recently there was a debate concerning the etiology behind attempts and completed suicides. The aim of the current study was to search for possible correlations between the rates of attempted and completed suicide and climate variables and regional unemployment per year in the county of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, northern Greece, for the years 2000-12. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The regional rates of suicide and attempted suicide as well as regional unemployment were available from previous publications of the authors. The climate variables were calculated from the daily E-OBS gridded dataset which is based on observational data RESULTS: Only the male suicide rates correlate significantly with high mean annual temperature but not with unemployment. The multiple linear regression analysis results suggest that temperature is the only variable that determines male suicides and explains 51% of their variance. Unemployment fails to contribute significantly to the model. There seems to be a seasonal distribution for attempts with mean rates being higher for the period from May to October and the rates clearly correlate with temperature. The highest mean rates were observed during May and August and the lowest during December and February. Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that temperature also determines the female attempts rate although the explained variable is significant but very low (3-5%) CONCLUSION: Climate variables and specifically high temperature correlate both with suicide and attempted suicide rates but with a different way between males and females. The climate effect was stronger than the effect of unemployment.
INTRODUCTION: Recently there was a debate concerning the etiology behind attempts and completed suicides. The aim of the current study was to search for possible correlations between the rates of attempted and completed suicide and climate variables and regional unemployment per year in the county of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, northern Greece, for the years 2000-12. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The regional rates of suicide and attempted suicide as well as regional unemployment were available from previous publications of the authors. The climate variables were calculated from the daily E-OBS gridded dataset which is based on observational data RESULTS: Only the male suicide rates correlate significantly with high mean annual temperature but not with unemployment. The multiple linear regression analysis results suggest that temperature is the only variable that determines male suicides and explains 51% of their variance. Unemployment fails to contribute significantly to the model. There seems to be a seasonal distribution for attempts with mean rates being higher for the period from May to October and the rates clearly correlate with temperature. The highest mean rates were observed during May and August and the lowest during December and February. Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that temperature also determines the female attempts rate although the explained variable is significant but very low (3-5%) CONCLUSION: Climate variables and specifically high temperature correlate both with suicide and attempted suicide rates but with a different way between males and females. The climate effect was stronger than the effect of unemployment.
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