Sagar Lonial1, Brendan M Weiss2, Saad Z Usmani3, Seema Singhal4, Ajai Chari5, Nizar J Bahlis6, Andrew Belch7, Amrita Krishnan8, Robert A Vescio9, Maria Victoria Mateos10, Amitabha Mazumder11, Robert Z Orlowski12, Heather J Sutherland13, Joan Bladé14, Emma C Scott15, Albert Oriol16, Jesus Berdeja17, Mecide Gharibo18, Don A Stevens19, Richard LeBlanc20, Michael Sebag21, Natalie Callander22, Andrzej Jakubowiak23, Darrell White24, Javier de la Rubia25, Paul G Richardson26, Steen Lisby27, Huaibao Feng28, Clarissa M Uhlar29, Imran Khan28, Tahamtan Ahmadi29, Peter M Voorhees30. 1. Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: sloni01@emory.edu. 2. Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 3. Levine Cancer Institute/Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC, USA. 4. Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. 5. Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. 6. Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 7. Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada. 8. The Judy and Bernard Briskin Myeloma Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA. 9. Cedars-Sinai Outpatient Cancer Center at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 10. University Hospital of Salamanca/Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. 11. Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 12. Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 13. Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 14. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 15. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. 16. Institut Català d'Oncologia, Institut Josep Carreras, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain. 17. Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN, USA. 18. Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. 19. Norton Health Care, Louisville, KY, USA. 20. Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, Canada. 21. Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. 22. University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI, USA. 23. University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. 24. Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Center, Halifax, NS, Canada. 25. Hospital Dr Peset and Universidad Católica San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain. 26. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 27. Genmab, Copenhagen, Denmark. 28. Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ, USA. 29. Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA. 30. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: New treatment options are needed for patients with multiple myeloma that is refractory to proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. We assessed daratumumab, a novel CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody, in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. METHODS: In this open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial done in Canada, Spain, and the USA, patients (age ≥18 years) with multiple myeloma who were previously treated with at least three lines of therapy (including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs), or were refractory to both proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenous daratumumab 8 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg in part 1 stage 1 of the study, to decide the dose for further assessment in part 2. Patients received 8 mg/kg every 4 weeks, or 16 mg/kg per week for 8 weeks (cycles 1 and 2), then every 2 weeks for 16 weeks (cycles 3-6), and then every 4 weeks thereafter (cycle 7 and higher). The allocation schedule was computer-generated and randomisation, with permuted blocks, was done centrally with an interactive web response system. In part 1 stage 2 and part 2, patients received 16 mg/kg dosed as in part 1 stage 1. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (partial response [PR] + very good PR + complete response [CR] + stringent CR). All patients who received at least one dose of daratumumab were included in the analysis. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01985126. FINDINGS: The study is ongoing. In part 1 stage 1 of the study, 18 patients were randomly allocated to the 8 mg/kg group and 16 to the 16 mg/kg group. Findings are reported for the 106 patients who received daratumumab 16 mg/kg in parts 1 and 2. Patients received a median of five previous lines of therapy (range 2-14). 85 (80%) patients had previously received autologous stem cell transplantation, 101 (95%) were refractory to the most recent proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs used, and 103 (97%) were refractory to the last line of therapy. Overall responses were noted in 31 patients (29.2%, 95% CI 20.8-38.9)-three (2.8%, 0.6-8.0) had a stringent CR, ten (9.4%, 4.6-16.7) had a very good PR, and 18 (17.0%, 10.4-25.5) had a PR. The median time to first response was 1.0 month (range 0.9-5.6). Median duration of response was 7.4 months (95% CI 5.5-not estimable) and progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI 2.8-4.6). The 12-month overall survival was 64.8% (95% CI 51.2-75.5) and, at a subsequent cutoff, median overall survival was 17.5 months (95% CI 13.7-not estimable). Daratumumab was well tolerated; fatigue (42 [40%] patients) and anaemia (35 [33%]) of any grade were the most common adverse events. No drug-related adverse events led to treatment discontinuation. INTERPRETATION:Daratumumab monotherapy showed encouraging efficacy in heavily pretreated and refractory patients with multiple myeloma, with a favourable safety profile in this population of patients. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: New treatment options are needed for patients with multiple myeloma that is refractory to proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs. We assessed daratumumab, a novel CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody, in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. METHODS: In this open-label, multicentre, phase 2 trial done in Canada, Spain, and the USA, patients (age ≥18 years) with multiple myeloma who were previously treated with at least three lines of therapy (including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs), or were refractory to both proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenous daratumumab 8 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg in part 1 stage 1 of the study, to decide the dose for further assessment in part 2. Patients received 8 mg/kg every 4 weeks, or 16 mg/kg per week for 8 weeks (cycles 1 and 2), then every 2 weeks for 16 weeks (cycles 3-6), and then every 4 weeks thereafter (cycle 7 and higher). The allocation schedule was computer-generated and randomisation, with permuted blocks, was done centrally with an interactive web response system. In part 1 stage 2 and part 2, patients received 16 mg/kg dosed as in part 1 stage 1. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (partial response [PR] + very good PR + complete response [CR] + stringent CR). All patients who received at least one dose of daratumumab were included in the analysis. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01985126. FINDINGS: The study is ongoing. In part 1 stage 1 of the study, 18 patients were randomly allocated to the 8 mg/kg group and 16 to the 16 mg/kg group. Findings are reported for the 106 patients who received daratumumab 16 mg/kg in parts 1 and 2. Patients received a median of five previous lines of therapy (range 2-14). 85 (80%) patients had previously received autologous stem cell transplantation, 101 (95%) were refractory to the most recent proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs used, and 103 (97%) were refractory to the last line of therapy. Overall responses were noted in 31 patients (29.2%, 95% CI 20.8-38.9)-three (2.8%, 0.6-8.0) had a stringent CR, ten (9.4%, 4.6-16.7) had a very good PR, and 18 (17.0%, 10.4-25.5) had a PR. The median time to first response was 1.0 month (range 0.9-5.6). Median duration of response was 7.4 months (95% CI 5.5-not estimable) and progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI 2.8-4.6). The 12-month overall survival was 64.8% (95% CI 51.2-75.5) and, at a subsequent cutoff, median overall survival was 17.5 months (95% CI 13.7-not estimable). Daratumumab was well tolerated; fatigue (42 [40%] patients) and anaemia (35 [33%]) of any grade were the most common adverse events. No drug-related adverse events led to treatment discontinuation. INTERPRETATION:Daratumumab monotherapy showed encouraging efficacy in heavily pretreated and refractory patients with multiple myeloma, with a favourable safety profile in this population of patients. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development.
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