What we know about paracentesis induced circulatory dysfunction?

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Ascites is the most common complication in liver cirrhosis (LC), occurring in 60% of the patients with compensated LC within 10 years.1 Therapeutic paracentesis is an effective treatment for tension-type ascites, because it relieves the symptom more quickly than diuretics and shortens hospitalization.2 Refractory ascites is defined as fluid overload that is not controlled despite restriction of sodium intake and the maximum dose of diuretics, and recurs rapidly after paracentesis.3 Large volume paracentesis (LVP) has become the first line of treatment for patients with severe and refractory ascites.4 Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction (PICD) occurs as a complication of LVP. Though PICD remains clinically silent, it is an important predictor of mortality in patients with severe ascites treated by LVP.5 A recent meta-analysis concluded that PICD is associated with a high rate of ascites recurrence, development of hepatorenal syndrome, dilutional hyponatremia, and high mortality.6 PICD is definitively diagnosed through laboratory results, with increases of more than 50% of baseline plasma rennin activity to > 4 ng/mL/h on the 5th to 6th days after paracentesis.57

The exact pathophysiology of PICD is not entirely understood. PICD was initially thought to occur secondary to fluid shifting after paracentesis, resulting in decreased circulating volume.8 Additional studies demonstrated that decreased systemic vascular resistance also plays an essential role in PICD.7910 The resulting effective hypovolemia due to arteriolar vasodilation in turn leads to a prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway. Increased plasma rennin activity in particular is characteristic of PICD, however general hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors in the setting of cirrhosis decreases the ability to compensate for the accentuated vasodilation.11

One of the simplest ways to prevent PICD is to limit the volume of fluid removed to 5 to 6 L at a time.51213 The incidence of PICD approaches 80% when a LVP is performed without additional therapeutic management; the incidence is reduced to 15 to 35% when volume expanders are used.14 Of all the plasma expanders, human albumin infusion is considered as the best option due to its long half-life of 21 days. In addition to its oncotic value, albumin has antioxidant, detoxification, immunoprotective, drug binding and delivery properties.1516 One recent meta-analysis concluded that albumin was superior to other volume expanders and alternative treatments in decreasing the risk of PICD, hyponatremia, and mortality.6 A separate recent meta-analysis demonstrated the benefit of albumin administration in decreasing the incidence of PICD after paracentesis as well as morbidity and mortality in patients with any type of infection.17

Current guidelines recommend albumin infusion when LVP > 5 liter is removed as it prevents 85% of cirrhotic patients from developing PICD.1819 Albumin therapy has also been shown to improve survival in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by reducing incidence of renal impairment.20 The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidelines state that it is reasonable but not mandatory to give 6 to 8 g of albumin per liter of ascites removed when more than 5 L are removed.19

Reducing the flow rate of fluid removed during the paracentesis is also theorized to decrease the incidence of PICD.21 Some physicians have tried this method to prevent PICD in real clinical practice. However, clinical evidence of this approach is lacking. In the current issue, Elsabaawy et al.22 evaluated the impact of paracentesis flow rate on PICD. Sixty patients with refractory ascites underwent LVP randomized into 3 groups and controlled with different flow rate extraction each. Results showed flow rate was not significant factor of PICD development and only female was a predictor of PICD. Authors concluded that paracentesis flow rate did not correlate with PICD development. Although there is limitation of small scale, this study has strength of prospective design. In addition to need of larger scale study, author did not reveal the reason why female was only significant predictor of PICD development. In the era of albumin infusion during LVP, flow rate of parecentesis may do not matter. In this point of view, one question is still remained. Will flow rate not impact on PICD development even without albumin infusion during LVP?

In conclusion, this study showed that flow rate of paracentesis did not correlate with PICD development. To date, there is little data about this correlation. Therefore, such information may be useful to clinician. Further well designed larger research is needed to confirm this result.