Report of the committee on structural chromosome changes in neoplasia.

An enormous amount of data on neoplasia-associated chromosome aberrations has accumulated over the past two years. More than 4,000 tumors with a chromosome anomaly identified by banding have been published since HGM9, and the total number of cases contained in the registry on which the Catalog of Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer (Mitelman, 1988) is based is now well above 12,000. The information presently available is, however, still in many respects incomplete. First, the data is heavily biased in favor of hematologic disorders. Solid tumors comprise only 20% of the total data base, which is totally disproportionate to the relative contribution of these disorders to human cancer morbidity and mortality. For example, malignant epithelial tumors (carcinomas), which cause almost 80% of all cancer deaths in man, comprise only 7% of the total. Second, our knowledge about early stage tumors is very limited. For example, the great majority of the solid tumors that have been studied cytogenetically have been metastatic lesions or effusions (advanced tumors usually have a large number of complex structural and numerical chromosome aberrations). Obviously, many more such neoplasms will have to be studied before the primary (pathogenetically essential) changes can be distinguished from the confusing variety of secondary abnormalities that may dominate the karyotype. It should be noted that secondary changes may also be nonrandom, and may be important for tumor progression. Therefore, no attempt has been made in this report to distinguish between primary and secondary changes. All nonrandomly occurring abnormalities that met the criteria for inclusion are listed in Table 1 irrespective of their presumed pathogenetic significance. Results of molecular genetic studies (e.g. the demonstration of loss of heterozygosity or gene amplification) were not considered, although they may be included in the HGM10.5 report. A total of 149 nonrandom chromosome changes were identified (Table 1) in 43 different types of neoplastic disorders, including hematologic diseases and malignant lymphomas, as well as tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, neurogenic, germ cell, and melanocytic origin. The aberrations comprise a variety of structural chromosome rearrangements (translocations, inversions, insertions, deletions, duplications and isochromosomes), and all chromosomes, except the Y chromosome are involved. The great majority (121 of the 149 identified aberrations) represent well-defined, specific structural changes. More than half of them are consistently associated with a particular morphologic disease characteristic. Twenty-eight of the aberrations, although nonrandom, are not characterized as well. Most are deletions or translocations that only affect a certain chromosome region, often spanning several bands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)