Landslide Displacement Prediction With Uncertainty Based on Neural Networks With Random Hidden Weights.

In this paper, we propose a new approach to establish a landslide displacement forecasting model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) with random hidden weights. To quantify the uncertainty associated with the predictions, a framework for probabilistic forecasting of landslide displacement is developed. The aim of this paper is to construct prediction intervals (PIs) instead of deterministic forecasting. A lower-upper bound estimation (LUBE) method is adopted to construct ANN-based PIs, while a new single hidden layer feedforward ANN with random hidden weights for LUBE is proposed. Unlike the original implementation of LUBE, the input weights and hidden biases of the ANN are randomly chosen, and only the output weights need to be adjusted. Combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA), a hybrid evolutionary algorithm, PSOGSA, is utilized to optimize the output weights. Furthermore, a new ANN objective function, which combines a modified combinational coverage width-based criterion with one-norm regularization, is proposed. Two benchmark data sets and two real-world landslide data sets are presented to illustrate the capability and merit of our method. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method can construct high-quality PIs.