Jeffrey F Scherrer1, Joanne Salas2, Laurel A Copeland3, Eileen M Stock4, Brian K Ahmedani5, Mark D Sullivan6, Thomas Burroughs7, F David Schneider8, Kathleen K Bucholz9, Patrick J Lustman10. 1. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri Saint Louis University Center for Outcomes Research, St. Louis, Missouri scherrjf@slu.edu. 2. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Harry S. Truman Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, Missouri. 3. Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott & White Health, and Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. 4. Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott & White Health, and Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas. 5. Henry Ford Health System, Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Detroit, Michigan. 6. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. 7. Saint Louis University Center for Outcomes Research, St. Louis, Missouri. 8. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. 9. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. 10. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri The Bell Street Clinic, VA St. Louis Health Care System - John Cochran Division, St. Louis, Missouri.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Recent results suggests the risk of a new onset of depression increases with longer duration of opioid analgesic use. It is unclear whether new-onset depression related to opioid analgesic use is a function of the dose prescribed or the duration of use or both. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort design, we collected patient data from 2000 to 2012 from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and from 2003 to 2012 from both Baylor Scott & White Health (BSWH) and the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS). Patients (70,997 VHA patients, 13,777 BSWH patients, and 22,981 HFHS patients) were new opioid users, aged 18 to 80 years, without a diagnosis of depression at baseline. Opioid analgesic use duration was defined as 1 to 30, 31 to 90, and more than 90 days, and morphine equivalent dose (MED) was defined as 1 to 50 mg/d, 51 to 100 mg/d, and greater than 100 mg/d of analgesic. Pain and other potential confounders were controlled for by inverse probability of treatment-weighted propensity scores. RESULTS: New-onset depression after opioid analgesic use occurred in 12% of the VHA sample, 9% of the BSWH sample, and 11% of the HFHS sample. Compared with 1- to 30-day users, new-onset depression increased in those with longer opioid analgesic use. Risk of new-onset depression with 31 to 90 days of opioid analgesic use ranged from hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18 (95% CI, 1.10-1.25) in VHA to HR = 1.33 (95% CI, 1.16-1.52) in HFHS; in opioid analgesic use of more than 90 days, it ranged from HR = 1.35 (95% CI, 1.26-1.44) in VHA to HR = 2.05 (95% CI, 1.75-2.40) in HFHS. Dose was not significantly associated with a new onset of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Opioid-related new onset of depression is associated with longer duration of use but not dose. Patients and practitioners should be aware that opioid analgesic use of longer than 30 days imposes risk of new-onset depression. Opioid analgesic use, not just pain, should be considered a potential source when patients report depressed mood.
PURPOSE: Recent results suggests the risk of a new onset of depression increases with longer duration of opioid analgesic use. It is unclear whether new-onset depression related to opioid analgesic use is a function of the dose prescribed or the duration of use or both. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort design, we collected patient data from 2000 to 2012 from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and from 2003 to 2012 from both Baylor Scott & White Health (BSWH) and the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS). Patients (70,997 VHA patients, 13,777 BSWH patients, and 22,981 HFHS patients) were new opioid users, aged 18 to 80 years, without a diagnosis of depression at baseline. Opioid analgesic use duration was defined as 1 to 30, 31 to 90, and more than 90 days, and morphine equivalent dose (MED) was defined as 1 to 50 mg/d, 51 to 100 mg/d, and greater than 100 mg/d of analgesic. Pain and other potential confounders were controlled for by inverse probability of treatment-weighted propensity scores. RESULTS: New-onset depression after opioid analgesic use occurred in 12% of the VHA sample, 9% of the BSWH sample, and 11% of the HFHS sample. Compared with 1- to 30-day users, new-onset depression increased in those with longer opioid analgesic use. Risk of new-onset depression with 31 to 90 days of opioid analgesic use ranged from hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18 (95% CI, 1.10-1.25) in VHA to HR = 1.33 (95% CI, 1.16-1.52) in HFHS; in opioid analgesic use of more than 90 days, it ranged from HR = 1.35 (95% CI, 1.26-1.44) in VHA to HR = 2.05 (95% CI, 1.75-2.40) in HFHS. Dose was not significantly associated with a new onset of depression. CONCLUSIONS: Opioid-related new onset of depression is associated with longer duration of use but not dose. Patients and practitioners should be aware that opioid analgesic use of longer than 30 days imposes risk of new-onset depression. Opioid analgesic use, not just pain, should be considered a potential source when patients report depressed mood.
Authors: B M Psaty; T D Koepsell; D Lin; N S Weiss; D S Siscovick; F R Rosendaal; M Pahor; C D Furberg Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 1999-06 Impact factor: 5.562
Authors: Alicia Grattan; Mark D Sullivan; Kathleen W Saunders; Cynthia I Campbell; Michael R Von Korff Journal: Ann Fam Med Date: 2012 Jul-Aug Impact factor: 5.166
Authors: Susan M Frayne; Donald R Miller; Erica J Sharkansky; Valerie W Jackson; Fei Wang; Jewell H Halanych; Dan R Berlowitz; Boris Kader; Craig S Rosen; Terence M Keane Journal: Am J Med Qual Date: 2009-10-23 Impact factor: 1.852
Authors: Jarred W Younger; Larry F Chu; Nicole T D'Arcy; Kiley E Trott; Laura E Jastrzab; Sean C Mackey Journal: Pain Date: 2011-04-30 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: Jeffrey F Scherrer; Dragan M Svrakic; Kenneth E Freedland; Timothy Chrusciel; Sumitra Balasubramanian; Kathleen K Bucholz; Elizabeth V Lawler; Patrick J Lustman Journal: J Gen Intern Med Date: 2013-10-29 Impact factor: 5.128
Authors: Rachel Springer; Miguel Marino; Steffani R Bailey; Heather Angier; Jean P O'Malley; Megan Hoopes; Stephan Lindner; Jennifer E DeVoe; Nathalie Huguet Journal: Addiction Date: 2019-06-30 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: E R Vina; L R M Hausmann; D S Obrosky; A Youk; S A Ibrahim; D K Weiner; R M Gallagher; C K Kwoh Journal: Osteoarthritis Cartilage Date: 2019-02-01 Impact factor: 6.576
Authors: Jeffrey F Scherrer; Joanne Salas; Mark D Sullivan; F David Schneider; Kathleen K Bucholz; Thomas Burroughs; Laurel Copeland; Brian Ahmedani; Patrick J Lustman Journal: Prev Med Date: 2016-08-03 Impact factor: 4.018
Authors: Joanne Salas; Jeffrey F Scherrer; Brian K Ahmedani; Laurel A Copeland; Kathleen K Bucholz; Mark D Sullivan; Thomas Burroughs; F David Schneider; Patrick J Lustman Journal: J Pain Date: 2017-10-10 Impact factor: 5.820
Authors: Zachary L Mannes; Eugene M Dunne; Erin G Ferguson; Linda B Cottler; Nicole Ennis Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2020-08-28 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Max Zubatsky; Matthew Witthaus; Jeffrey F Scherrer; Joanne Salas; Sarah Gebauer; Sandra Burge; F David Schneider Journal: Fam Pract Date: 2020-07-23 Impact factor: 2.267