Fátima Lopes1, Mafalda Barbosa2, Adam Ameur3, Gabriela Soares4, Joaquim de Sá5, Ana Isabel Dias6, Guiomar Oliveira7, Pedro Cabral8, Teresa Temudo9, Eulália Calado6, Isabel Fineza Cruz10, José Pedro Vieira6, Renata Oliveira5, Sofia Esteves1, Sascha Sauer11, Inger Jonasson3, Ann-Christine Syvänen12, Ulf Gyllensten3, Dalila Pinto13, Patrícia Maciel1. 1. Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. 2. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal. 3. Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 4. Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal. 5. Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 6. Serviço de Neurologia Pediátrica, Hospital D. Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal. 7. Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança e Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 8. Department of Neurology, Egas Moniz Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. 9. Department of Neuropediatrics, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal. 10. Centro de Desenvolvimento Luís Borges, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. 11. Otto-Warburg-Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany CU Systems Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany. 12. Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 13. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mindich Child Health & Development Institute, The Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to identify new genetic causes of Rett-like phenotypes using array comparative genomic hybridisation and a whole exome sequencing approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied a cohort of 19 Portuguese patients (16 girls, 3 boys) with a clinical presentation significantly overlapping Rett syndrome (RTT). Genetic analysis included filtering of the single nucleotide variants and indels with preference for de novo, homozygous/compound heterozygous, or maternally inherited X linked variants. Examination by MRI and muscle biopsies was also performed. Pathogenic genomic imbalances were found in two patients (10.5%): an 18q21.2 deletion encompassing four exons of the TCF4 gene and a mosaic UPD of chromosome 3. Variants in genes previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) were identified in six patients (32%): de novo variants in EEF1A2, STXBP1 and ZNF238 were found in three patients, maternally inherited X linked variants in SLC35A2, ZFX and SHROOM4 were detected in two male patients and one homozygous variant in EIF2B2 was detected in one patient. Variants were also detected in five novel NDD candidate genes (26%): we identified de novo variants in the RHOBTB2, SMARCA1 and GABBR2 genes; a homozygous variant in EIF4G1; compound heterozygous variant in HTT. CONCLUSIONS: Network analysis reveals that these genes interact by means of protein interactions with each other and with the known RTT genes. These findings expand the phenotypical spectrum of previously known NDD genes to encompass RTT-like clinical presentations and identify new candidate genes for RTT-like phenotypes. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/
BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to identify new genetic causes of Rett-like phenotypes using array comparative genomic hybridisation and a whole exome sequencing approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied a cohort of 19 Portuguese patients (16 girls, 3 boys) with a clinical presentation significantly overlapping Rett syndrome (RTT). Genetic analysis included filtering of the single nucleotide variants and indels with preference for de novo, homozygous/compound heterozygous, or maternally inherited X linked variants. Examination by MRI and muscle biopsies was also performed. Pathogenic genomic imbalances were found in two patients (10.5%): an 18q21.2 deletion encompassing four exons of the TCF4 gene and a mosaic UPD of chromosome 3. Variants in genes previously implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) were identified in six patients (32%): de novo variants in EEF1A2, STXBP1 and ZNF238 were found in three patients, maternally inherited X linked variants in SLC35A2, ZFX and SHROOM4 were detected in two male patients and one homozygous variant in EIF2B2 was detected in one patient. Variants were also detected in five novel NDD candidate genes (26%): we identified de novo variants in the RHOBTB2, SMARCA1 and GABBR2 genes; a homozygous variant in EIF4G1; compound heterozygous variant in HTT. CONCLUSIONS: Network analysis reveals that these genes interact by means of protein interactions with each other and with the known RTT genes. These findings expand the phenotypical spectrum of previously known NDD genes to encompass RTT-like clinical presentations and identify new candidate genes for RTT-like phenotypes. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/
Entities:
Keywords:
Epilepsy; Intellectual disability; Rett syndrome; Whole exome sequencing
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