Antigen Presentation of Vacuolated Apicomplexans--Two Gateways to a Vaccine Antigen.

For parasites that sequester themselves within a vacuole, new rules governing antigen presentation are coming into focus. Components of the host's autophagy machinery and the parasite's membranous nanotubular network within the parasitophorous vacuole play a major role in determining antigenicity of Toxoplasma proteins. As such, both parasite and vaccinologist may exploit these pathways to regulate the ever important CD8 T cell response to apicomplexan parasites.