Niklas W Andersson1, Renee D Goodwin2, Niels Okkels3, Lea N Gustafsson4, Farah Taha5, Steve W Cole6, Povl Munk-Jørgensen4. 1. Department of Organic Psychiatric Disorders and Emergency Ward, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark, Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark, nwandersson@gmail.com. 2. Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 3. Department of Organic Psychiatric Disorders and Emergency Ward, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark, Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark and. 4. Department of Organic Psychiatric Disorders and Emergency Ward, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark. 5. Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA. 6. Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Preliminary research suggests an association between depression and subsequent increased risk of infections, yet little is known on this topic. This study investigated the association between depression and risk of various types of infections, including temporal and dose-response relationships. METHODS: A prospective population-based study including 976,398 individuals, of whom 142,169 had a history of depression between 1995 and 2012, was conducted using linked Danish registries. Survival analyses were used to estimate the relative risk of infections among those with depression, compared with those without depression, while adjusting for gender and age. RESULTS: Depression was associated with increased risk of a wide range of infections [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49-1.74, P = 0.000, for any infection]. There was no evidence of a specific temporal effect but rather a general increased risk of infection subsequent to the onset of depression, as the risk during first year (IRR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.25-2.22, P = 0.000) remained elevated for the ensuing 11 years and beyond (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.39-1.85, P = 0.000). Dose-response analyses revealed that the risk of infection increased by 59% (IRR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.45-1.75, P = 0.000) following a single depressive episode and was elevated even further (IRR = 1.97, 95% CI = 0.92-4.22, P = 0.082) following four or more depressive episodes. However, results did not indicate a perfect linear association. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the presence of depression may confer an increased risk of infection and that this increased susceptibility is not confined to a specific time period following the onset of depression. A dose-response relationship may be present, but more research is needed to further examine and confirm a link between depression and risk of infection.
BACKGROUND: Preliminary research suggests an association between depression and subsequent increased risk of infections, yet little is known on this topic. This study investigated the association between depression and risk of various types of infections, including temporal and dose-response relationships. METHODS: A prospective population-based study including 976,398 individuals, of whom 142,169 had a history of depression between 1995 and 2012, was conducted using linked Danish registries. Survival analyses were used to estimate the relative risk of infections among those with depression, compared with those without depression, while adjusting for gender and age. RESULTS:Depression was associated with increased risk of a wide range of infections [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49-1.74, P = 0.000, for any infection]. There was no evidence of a specific temporal effect but rather a general increased risk of infection subsequent to the onset of depression, as the risk during first year (IRR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.25-2.22, P = 0.000) remained elevated for the ensuing 11 years and beyond (IRR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.39-1.85, P = 0.000). Dose-response analyses revealed that the risk of infection increased by 59% (IRR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.45-1.75, P = 0.000) following a single depressive episode and was elevated even further (IRR = 1.97, 95% CI = 0.92-4.22, P = 0.082) following four or more depressive episodes. However, results did not indicate a perfect linear association. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the presence of depression may confer an increased risk of infection and that this increased susceptibility is not confined to a specific time period following the onset of depression. A dose-response relationship may be present, but more research is needed to further examine and confirm a link between depression and risk of infection.
Authors: Sharon K Hunter; M Camille Hoffman; Angelo D'Alessandro; Kathleen Noonan; Anna Wyrwa; Robert Freedman; Amanda J Law Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2019-12-02 Impact factor: 7.723