Checklist of host plants of insect galls in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Surveys of host plants of insect galls have been performed in different regions of Brazil. The knowledge of species of host plants of insect galls is fundamental to further studies of plant-galling insect interactions. However, a list of host plant species of gall-inducing insects has not yet been compiled for the flora of the Midwest Region of Brazil. NEW INFORMATION: We provide a compilation of the plant species reported to host insect galls in the Cerrado of the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Altogether we found records for 181 species of 47 families of host plants, which hosted 365 distinct gall morphotypes.

Introduction

Insect galls are structures formed by the development of larvae or nymphs in the interior of plant tissues (Mani 1964, Rohfritsch 1982, Stone and Schönrogge 2003). Galls develop by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the plant cells, which changes all of the structure of the attacked plant organ (Moura et al. 2008). Because of the intimate level of interaction between gall-inducing insects and their host plants at histological and cellular scale, these insects are considered the most specialized guild of herbivores (Stone and Schönrogge 2003, Carneiro et al. 2009, Fernandes and Santos 2014). Due to this high degree of specialization, knowledge regarding the identity of host plant species is fundamental to studies of plant-galling insect interactions.

It is already known that there exists a high diversity of insect galls in the Neotropics (Gagné 1994, Fernandes and Santos 2014), mainly in the savannas located in central Brazil (Araújo et al. 2014b). A likely explanation for this is the great diversity of plants in the region (Espírito-Santo and Fernandes 2007), since richness of host plants is an important factor in explaining the distribution patterns of insect galls (Araújo et al. 2014b). Considering that each species of plant is a potential host for galling, a greater local and regional diversity of plant species implies greater galling species richness (Mendonça 2007). Several studies in Brazil have produced local and regional lists of host plant species and their associated galls, especially in the South and Southeast regions (e.g. Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Mendonça 2007, Maia et al. 2008, Bregonci et al. 2010), while in other regions, such as the Midwest, surveys are still scarce (Araújo et al. 2013). In the present work, we provide a compilation of plant species that have been recorded to host insect galls in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil.

Material and methods

We compiled data from different surveys of plant species that are hosts of insect galls from several locations in the state of Goiás in the Midwest Region of Brazil (Fig. 1). We also included data from the Distrito Federal, which is a separate political entity, but is surrounded by the state of Goiás. All records of hosts and galls were collected between 2005 and 2013 in different types of vegetation that comprise the Cerrado biome (Table 1). We included data published in local checklists (e.g. Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2014a) as well as unpublished data. The identification of the plants was made by comparison with the collections of Universidade Federal de Goiás, herbarium, literature, as well as consultation with specialists. We checked the synonymy using The Plant List database (www.theplantlist.org). In addition to the list of host plants, we provide a short morphological characterization of gall morphotypes (plant organ, gall form and gall color) associated with each host plant species. The use of gall morphotypes is a commonly used and reliable parameter because evidence indicates that each gall morphospecies (examples in Fig. 2) is unique to a particular gall-inducing insect (Stone and Schönrogge 2003), and each galling species is specific to a particular host plant (Abrahamson et al. 1998). Insect galls can be differentiated from galls induced by other organisms, such as mites and nematodes, because they form an internal chamber where the immature insect develops (see Fig. 2f). Furthermore, insect galls are relatively large structures (in cm scale) and usually closed (internal chamber has no opening to the outside), unlike other galls induced by animals. Insect galls were collected and taken to laboratory where they were dissected to obtain the immature and adults gall-inducing insects. It was not our objective to list the species (or taxa) of the gall-inducing insects responsible for the galls observed in the plants of our survey. For details about galling insect taxa associated with each host plant species the original studies should be consulted.

Figure 1.

Localization of the sites in which insect galls were sampled in the state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013. The number of each site corresponds to code in the Table 1.

Table 1.

Description of the sites and vegetation formations in which insect galls were sampled in the state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013.

Code	Sampled site	Municipaly	Vegetation type	Geocoordinate	Altitude (m)	Reference
1	Parque Estadual da Serra dos Pireneus	Pirenópolis	Savanna, Rock Savanna, Semidecidual Forest, Riparian Forest	15°49'S, 48°53'W	1,156	Araújo et al. 2011
2	Pedreira da Prefeitura	Pirenópolis	Savanna	15°50'S, 48°55'W	840	Unpublished
3	Reserva da UEG	Anápolis	Savanna	16°22'S, 48°56'W	1,097	Unpublished
4	Floresta Nacional de Silvânia	Silvânia	Grassland, Savanna, Semidecidual Forest, Riparian Forest	16°38'S, 48°39'W	963	Unpublished
5	Fazenda do Geraldo	Silvânia	Savanna	16°40'S, 48°18'W	837	Unpublished
6	Condomínio Itanhangá	Goiânia	Savanna	16°33'S, 49°17'W	762	Araújo et al. 2013
7	Bosque Saint Hilaire	Goiânia	Semidecidual Forest	16°36'S, 49°15'W	795	Santos et al. 2010
8	Zona Rural de Senador Canedo	Senador Canedo	Savanna	16°43'S, 49°06'W	774	Unpublished
9	Fazenda Bom Sucesso	Senador Canedo	Savanna	16°42'S, 49°02'W	749	Unpublished
10	Banana Menina	Hidrolânia	Savanna	16°59'S, 49°14'W	893	Unpublished
11	Zona Rural de Bela Vista	Bela Vista	Savanna	15°57'S, 48°56'W	809	Unpublished
12	Condomínio Del Rey	Caldas Novas	Savanna	17°42'S, 48°38'W	702	Santos et al. 2012
13	Fazenda Caiapônia	Caiapônia	Semidecidual Forest	16°56'S, 51°49'W	703	Unpublished
14	Fazenda Lajeado	Jataí	Savanna	17°53'S, 51°38'W	756	Unpublished
15	Estação Ecológica da UFG	Jataí	Semidecidual Forest	17°56'S, 51°42'W	646	Unpublished
16	Jardim Botânico Mata do Açude	Jataí	Semidecidual Forest	17°56'S, 51°43'W	618	Unpublished
17	Parque Nacional das Emas	Mineiros	Savanna, Grassland	17°56'S, 52°56'W	878	Araújo et al. 2014a
18	REBIO Contagem	Brasília	Savanna	15°37'S, 47°52'W	994	Unpublished
19	APA Cafuringa	Brasília	Savanna	15°31'S, 47°57'W	873	Unpublished

Figure 2.

Examples of insect galls recorded to state of Goiás, Midwest, Brazil. 2005-2013. a) Stem gall of sp. (, ) on (); b) Stem gall of (, ) on (); c) Leaf galls of sp. (, ) on (); d) Leaf gall of (, ) on (); e) Leaf gall of an undetermined () on (); f) Leaf galls of an undetermined () on () with the detail of a larva in the internal chamber.

Results

We recorded a total of 181 species of 47 families of plants that host insect galls in the state of Goiás (Table 2). Seventy-three (40.3%) plant species are registered as gall hosts for the first time to Goiás. Associated with plant species were 365 gall morphotypes, of which 192 (52.6%) had previously been recorded and 173 (47.4%) are new records. The plant families with the highest gall richness were , , , , , , , , and . These 10 families exhibited 58% of the insect gall morphotype richness and 52.4% of the total number of host plant species. The family hosted 58 gall morphotypes, while , and had 29, 28 and 23 gall morphotypes, respectively.

Table 2.

Host plants (families and species) and insect galls (occurrence organ, form and color) recorded in the state of Goiás, Central-western Brazil. 2005-2013. References: A = Santos et al. 2010; B = Araújo et al. 2011; C = Santos et al. 2012; D = Araújo et al. 2014a; * = new record.

Host family	Host species	Plant organ	Gall form	Gall color	Reference
Anacardiaceae	Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Conical	Green	B
Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale L.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Anacardiaceae	Anacardium occidentale L.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Anacardiaceae	Astronium graveolens Jacq.	Leaf	Globose	Red	*
Anacardiaceae	Astronium graveolens Jacq.	Stem/Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Anacardiaceae	Litharea molleoides (Vell.) Engl.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Annonaceae	Annona coriacea Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	B; D
Annonaceae	Annona coriacea Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Green	B; D
Annonaceae	Annona coriacea Mart.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	B; D
Annonaceae	Bocageopsis mattogrossensis (R.E.Fr.) R.E.Fr.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Annonaceae	Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Saff.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Annonaceae	Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma macrocarpon Mart.	Leaf	Conical	Green	D
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma nobile Müll.Arg.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Apocynaceae	Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	B
Araliaceae	Schefflera macrocarpa (Seem) D.C. Frodin	Leaf	Discoid	Bege	*
Araliaceae	Schefflera macrocarpa (Seem) D.C. Frodin	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Araliaceae	Schefflera morototoni Aubl.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	A
Araliaceae	Schefflera vinosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Frodin & Fiaschi	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Araliaceae	Schefflera vinosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Frodin & Fiaschi	Petiole	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Asteraceae	Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish	Leaf	Globoid	Green	D
Asteraceae	Eremanthus goyazensis (Gardner) Sch. Bip.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Rust	*
Asteraceae	Eremanthus sp.	Midvein	Globose	Brown	*
Asteraceae	Heterocondylus alatus (Vell.) King and H. Rob.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Asteraceae	Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Asteraceae	Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker	Leaf	Globose	Bege	*
Asteraceae	Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Asteraceae	Piptocarpha rotundifolia (Less.) Baker	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Asteraceae	Vernonia polysphaera Baker	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Bignoniaceae	Arrabidaea sp.	Leaf/Stem	Globose	Yellow	A
Bignoniaceae	Arrabidaea sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	A; B
Bignoniaceae	Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos	Leaf	Conical	Brown	D
Bignoniaceae	Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos	Stem	Globose	Green	*
Bignoniaceae	Macfadyena sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Bignoniaceae	Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Bignoniaceae	Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. and Hook. f. ex S. Moore	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Bignoniaceae	Tabebuia sp.	Leaf	Conical	Green	C
Boraginaceae	Cordia sellowiana Cham.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Conical	Green	B
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Leaf	Globose	Green	A
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	A
Burseraceae	Protium heptaphyllum March.	Stem	Globose	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium sp.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium sp.	Leaf/Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Burseraceae	Protium sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	D
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. & Zucc.	Midvein	Amorphous	Brown	D
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera grandiflora (Wawra) Saddi	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera rubriflora Camb.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Calophyllaceae	Kielmeyera sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	C
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Yellow	*
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	B; D
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Leaf	Globoid	Yellow	B; C; D
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Petiole	Globoid	Brown	*
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.	Stem	Amorphous	Brown	C
Caryocaraceae	Caryocar glabrum (Aubl.) Pers.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Celastraceae	Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C. Sm.	Midvein	Globose	Brown	*
Celastraceae	Maytenus sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Celastraceae	Maytenus sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Celastraceae	Plenckia populnea Reissek	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepia grandiflora (Mart. and Zucc.) Benth. and Hook.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Hirtella glandulosa Spreng.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Hirtella sp.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl.	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania humilis Cham. & Schltdl.	Midvein	Globoid	Brown	D
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania tomentosa Benth.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Clusiaceae	Calophylum brasiliensis Camb.	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Clusiaceae	Clusia sp.	Leaf	Amorphous	Red	B
Combretaceae	Terminalia argentea Mart. and Zucc.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	C
Combretaceae	Terminalia argentea Mart. and Zucc.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	B
Connaraceae	Connarus suberosus Planch.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Connaraceae	Connarus suberosus Planch.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	C
Connaraceae	Connarus suberosus Planch.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Connaraceae	Connarus suberosus Planch.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Connaraceae	Rourea induta Planch.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Connaraceae	Rourea induta Planch.	Leaf	Discoid	Red	*
Dichapetalaceae	Tapura sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Dilleniaceae	Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	B; C; D
Dilleniaceae	Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	B; C
Dilleniaceae	Davilla elliptica A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Ebenaceae	Diospyros burchelii Hern.	Leaf	Amorphous	Green	B
Ebenaceae	Diospyros hispida A.DC.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	C
Ebenaceae	Diospyros hispida A.DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Ebenaceae	Diospyros hispida A.DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Yellow	D
Ebenaceae	Diospyros hispida A.DC.	Stem	Globose	Green	C
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum campestre A. St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum deciduum A. St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum deciduum A. St.-Hil.	Terminal bud	Globose	Brown	C
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum engleri O.E.Schulz	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum sp.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Yellow	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum sp.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Amorphous	Red	B; C
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Marginal roll	Green	C
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Globose	Red	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Marginal leaf roll	Green	D
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum tortuosum Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Red	*
Euphorbiaceae	Manihot sp.	Leaf	Conical	Red	A
Euphorbiaceae	Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll. Arg.	Leaf	Conical	Green	C
Euphorbiaceae	Maprounea guianensis Aubl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Acosmium dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	C
Fabaceae	Acosmium dasycarpum (Vogel) Yakovlev	Leaf	Discoid	Green	B
Fabaceae	Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg.	Leaf	Globoid	Red	D
Fabaceae	Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spreng.	Leaf	Conical	Yellow	*
Fabaceae	Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Spreng.	Leaf	Globose	Red	B
Fabaceae	Andira cujabensis Benth.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Fabaceae	Andira cujabensis Benth.	Leaf	Conical	Green	D
Fabaceae	Andira cujabensis Benth.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Fabaceae	Andira cujabensis Benth.	Petiole	Globoid	Brown	D
Fabaceae	Andira paniculata Benth.	Leaf	Amorphous	Green	B
Fabaceae	Andira paniculata Benth.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	B
Fabaceae	Andira paniculata Benth.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	B
Fabaceae	Andira sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Andira sp.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Andira sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	C
Fabaceae	Bauhinia curvula Benth.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia curvula Benth.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia curvula Benth.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia curvula Benth.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.1	Leaf	Globose	red	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.1	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	A
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.1	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.2	Leaf	Globose	Brown	C
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.3	Leaf	Globose	Branca	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.3	Leaf	Globose	Green	C
Fabaceae	Bauhinia sp.4	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Fabaceae	Bauhinia ungulata L.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Fabaceae	Bauhinia ungulata L.	Midvein	Globose	Red	B
Fabaceae	Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Fabaceae	Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Fabaceae	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Leaf	Bilobed	Brown	C
Fabaceae	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	C
Fabaceae	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Fabaceae	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Dalbergia miscolobium Benth.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Fabaceae	Dimorphandra mollis Benth.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Fabaceae	Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	B
Fabaceae	Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	A; D
Fabaceae	Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green	A
Fabaceae	Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Green	A
Fabaceae	Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart.	Midvein	Globose	Green	A
Fabaceae	Inga marginata Willd.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Inga sp.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Inga sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Inga uruguensis Hooker et Arnott	Leaf	Globose	Green	A
Fabaceae	Leotolobium dasycarpum Vogel	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Fabaceae	Leotolobium dasycarpum Vogel	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Fabaceae	Machaerium opacum Vog.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Machaerium opacum Vog.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Piptadenia sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	A
Fabaceae	Piptadenia sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Grey	*
Fabaceae	Sclerolobium paniculatum Vog.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Fabaceae	Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Fabaceae	Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Fabaceae	Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Fabaceae	Tachigali aurea Tul.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Fabaceae	Tachigali vulgaris L.G.Silva & H.C.Lima	Leaf	Globoid	Yellow	D
Lauraceae	Nectandra cuspidata Nees	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Loganiaceae	Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Loganiaceae	Strychnos pseudoquina A. St.-Hil.	Leaf	Globose	Green	C
Loranthaceae	Struthanthus sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	B
Malpighiaceae	Banisteriopsis argyrophylla (A. Juss.) B. Gates	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Banisteriopsis megaphylla (A. Juss.) B. Gates	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima basiloba A. Juss.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth	Leaf	Conical	Green	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima guilleminiana Brad. and Mark.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	B
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima laxiflora Griseb.	Leaf	Conical	Yellow	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima laxiflora Griseb.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Conical	Yellow	B
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Vírgula	Yellow	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Conical	Brown	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima pachyphylla A. Juss.	Stem	Globose	Brown	C
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp.1	Leaf	Conical	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp.2	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp.3	Leaf	Conical	Yellow	B
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp.3	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC.	Leaf	Conical	Yellow	*
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC.	Leaf	Globose	Purple	*
Malpighiaceae	Diplopterys pubipetala (A. Juss.) W.R. Anderson and C. Cav. Davis	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Malpighiaceae	Heteropterys byrsonimifolia A. Juss.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Heteropterys byrsonimifolia A. Juss.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Malpighiaceae	Peixotoa sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	C
Malpighiaceae	Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	B
Malvaceae	Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Malvaceae	Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Malvaceae	Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Malvaceae	Eriotheca gracilipes (K.Schum.) A.Robyns	Midvein	Globoid	Brown	D
Malvaceae	Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	C
Malvaceae	Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Malvaceae	Eriotheca pubescens (Mart. & Zucc.) Schott & Endl.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Malvaceae	Pseudobombax longiflorum (Mart. and Zucc.) A. Robyns	Leaf	Conical	Red	B; C
Malvaceae	Sida micrantha A.St.-Hil	Leaf/Stem	Globose	Yellow	B
Melastomataceae	Macairea radula (Bonpl.) DC.	Leaf/Stem	Globose	Yellow	B
Melastomataceae	Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	B; C; D
Melastomataceae	Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Melastomataceae	Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana	Leaf	Discoid	Bege	*
Melastomataceae	Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Melastomataceae	Miconia sp.1	Stem	Globose	Green	*
Melastomataceae	Miconia sp.2	Leaf	Amorphous	Brown	*
Melastomataceae	Miconia sp.2	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Melastomataceae	Miconia sp.3	Inflorescence	Globose	Brown	*
Meliaceae	Guarea sp.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Myristicaceae	Virola sebifera Aubl.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Myrsinaceae	Rapanea guianensis Aubl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Myrtaceae	Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O.Berg	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Eugenia aurata O.Berg	Leaf	Discoid	Black	D
Myrtaceae	Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	B
Myrtaceae	Eugenia sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Myrtaceae	Eugenia ternatifolia Cambess.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia bella Cambess.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia bella Cambess.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia camapuanensis N.Silveira	Midvein	Globoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC.	Midvein	Globoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC.	Midvein	Conical	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia rostrata DC	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.1	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.1	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.1	Stem	Globose	Green	*
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.2	Leaf	Globose	Green	A
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.2	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Myrtaceae	Myrcia sp.3	Axillary bud	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Myrtaceae	Myrcia variabilis DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Myrcia vestita DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Myrtaceae	Psidium laruotteanum Cambess.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Psidium laruotteanum Cambess.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Myrtaceae	Psidium laruotteanum Cambess.	Leaf	Marginal leaf roll	Green	D
Myrtaceae	Psidium myrtoides O.Berg	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Myrtaceae	Psidium myrtoides O.Berg	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Myrtaceae	Psidium salutare var. pohlianum (O.Berg) Landrum	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira gracilifolia (Vell.) Reitz	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira noxia (Netto) Lundell	Midvein	Globoid	Brown	D
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira sp.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Nyctaginaceae	Guapira sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Nyctaginaceae	Neea theifera Oerst.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	C
Ochnaceae	Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	B; C; D
Ochnaceae	Ouratea hexasperma (A.St.-Hil.) Baill.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Ochnaceae	Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl.	Leaf	Conical	Brown	D
Ochnaceae	Ouratea spectabilis (Mart.) Engl.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Piperaceae	Piper arboreum Aubl.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Piperaceae	Piper arboreum Aubl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	marron	A
Piperaceae	Piper arboreum Aubl.	Stem	Globose	Green	B
Piperaceae	Piper sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	B; C; D
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Leaf	Conical	Green	C
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	D
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Petiole	Ellipsoid	Red	D
Proteaceae	Roupala montana Aubl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Ramnaceae	Rhamnidium elaeocarpum Reissek	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Rubiaceae	Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. Ex DC.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Rubiaceae	Alibertia sp.1	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Rubiaceae	Alibertia sp.2	Leaf	Discoid	Orange	*
Rubiaceae	Coussarea sp.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Rubiaceae	Coussarea sp.	Stem	Globose	Green	*
Rubiaceae	Palicourea rigida Kunth	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	D
Rubiaceae	Palicourea rigida Kunth	Leaf	Amorphous	Bege	*
Rubiaceae	Palicourea rigida Kunth	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	B
Rubiaceae	Palicourea sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Salicaceae	Casearia sylvestris Sw.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Salicaceae	Casearia sylvestris Sw.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Cupania sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Matayba guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Matayba sp.	Leaf	Conical	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Matayba sp.	Midvein	Globose	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania lethalis A. St.-Hil.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania obtusidentata Radlk	Leaf	Discoid	Green	A
Sapindaceae	Serjania obtusidentata Radlk	Leaf/Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	A
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	B
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Stem	Conical	Brown	*
Sapindaceae	Serjania sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Sapotaceae	Chrysophylum marginatum (Hook. and Arn.) Radlk.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Sapotaceae	Micropholis sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Sapotaceae	Micropholis sp.	Stem	Globose	Brown	B
Sapotaceae	Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	D
Sapotaceae	Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Sapotaceae	Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	B
Sapotaceae	Pouteria sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Red	*
Sapotaceae	Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Conical	Green	D
Sapotaceae	Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	D
Sapotaceae	Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Conical	Brown	D
Sapotaceae	Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	C
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green	*
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Yellow	*
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Leaf	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis Aubl.	Stem	Globose	Green	A
Siparunaceae	Siparuna sp.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Green	*
Smilacaceae	Smilax fluminensis Steud.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	*
Smilacaceae	Smilax fluminensis Steud.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Smilacaceae	Smilax sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Solanaceae	Solanum sp.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Styracaceae	Styrax acuminatus Pohl.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Styracaceae	Styrax acuminatus Pohl.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Styracaceae	Styrax ferrugineus Nees and Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	*
Styracaceae	Styrax ferrugineus Nees and Mart.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	C
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Conicle	Green	*
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	A
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	B
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Erythrocyte	Brown	A
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Globoid (abaxial)	Brown	A
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Leaf	Discoid (adaxial)	Brown	B
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	A; B
Styracaceae	Styrax pohlii A.DC.	Stem	Globoid	Brown	A; B
Styracaceae	Styrax sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	B
Ulmaceae	Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.	Leaf	Discoid	Yellow	A
Ulmaceae	Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.	Leaf/Stem	Conical	Green	*
Ulmaceae	Trema micrantha (L.) Blume	Leaf	Ellipsoid	White	A
Ulmaceae	Trema micrantha (L.) Blume	Leaf	Globose	Green	A
Ulmaceae	Trema micrantha (L.) Blume	Stem	Globose	Brown	A
Verbenaceae	Aegiphyla sp.	Leaf	Globose	Green	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	B; C
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Leaf	Conical	Green	D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	C
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea grandiflora Mart.	Stem	Globose	Brown	C
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Brown	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Leaf	Star	Green	C
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	C
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Leaf	Laminar	Green	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Midvein	Ellipsoid	Brown	D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea multiflora Mart.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Conical	Green	C; D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Star	Green	D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	B; D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Star	Red	B; D
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Globose	Yellow	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Leaf	Vulcano	Green	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Stem	Ellipsoid	Brown	*
Vochysiaceae	Qualea parviflora Mart.	Stem	Globose	Brown	*
Vochysiaceae	Salvertia convallariaeodora A.St.-Hil.	Leaf	Globose	Brown	B
Vochysiaceae	Vochysia sp.	Leaf	Discoid	Green	C; D

The genera (), () and () were the richest in gall morphotypes, with 22, 21 and 17 morphotypes, respectively. A. Juss. (), March. (), Mart. (), and A.DC. () were the host species with the most diverse gall morphotypes. Other important host species were: Cambess. () (7), Mart. () (7), Aubl. () (7), Mart. () (6) and Aubl. () (6).

Discussion

We have systematically compiled the results of studies on plant species that host insect galls in the Cerrado of the state of Goiás for the first time, which resulted in new records of 73 (40.3%) plant species and 173 (47.4%) gall morphospecies. Our results corroborate previous studies that indicate as the plant family that hosts the greatest diversity of galling insects in the Neotropical Region (Gagné 1994, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Araújo et al. 2014b, Fernandes and Santos 2014). Local studies in different regions of Brazil found the same pattern (Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011, Araújo et al. 2013, Araújo et al. 2014a). is the most diverse plant family of the Cerrado with nearly 800 species, and so it is not surprising that it hosts the highest diversity of insect galls (Araújo et al. 2014b).

We found that , and were the genera hosting the greatest number of gall morphotypes. These results differ from that observed in other regions of Brazil. For example, Mendonça 2007] found the genera (), () and () to host the greatest diversity of galls in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil. In the Brazilian Southeast, the genera (), () and () hosted the most diversity of galls in the state of São Paulo (Maia et al. 2008), while () hosted the greatest richness of galls in state of Minas Gerais (Fernandes et al. 1996). With regards to host plant species, some species stand out as super-hosts of insect galls in Goiás, such as , , and . In a previous study, Maia and Fernandes 2004] recorded seven morphotypes of galls on in Cerrado areas of Minas Gerais. Our compilation also adds new gall records for some host species. Galls on were registered for the first time in the Neotropics by Santos et al. 2010] with only one gall morphotype, while in the present compilation six gall morphotypes are associated with this host plant.

Most of the studies performed in Brazil have shown a high diversity of galling insects in the Cerrado (Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes 2001, Maia and Fernandes 2004, Santos et al. 2010, Araújo et al. 2011), one of the most fragmented biomes of the world (Klink and Machado 2005). To maintain this high gall diversity it is essential that the remaining fragments of Cerrado are preserved and retain a high diversity of native plants (Araújo et al. 2014b). In the state of Goiás, areas of native vegetation are very small and the majority is widely fragmented (Cunha et al. 2007). Given the eminent risk of destruction of the remaining vegetation, inventories of host plants and their associated insect galls are urgently needed to provide a foundation for further understanding these interactions. We hope that this compilation can serve as an important tool for gall inventories and provide a theoretical reference for new studies in the state of Goiás and in all of Brazil.