Contemporary Trends in Onset and Completion of Puberty, Gain in Height and Adiposity.

Recent studies have documented earlier pubertal maturation in both girls and boys. Several factors have been proposed to account for earlier maturation. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that genetic factors are the most important influence contributing to the variability in the onset of puberty. Studies have also noted the association of elevated BMI with earlier puberty in girls, although the relationship between BMI and onset of puberty in boys is less consistent. The relationship of BMI and onset of puberty may be mediated by several factors, including leptin and kisspeptin, changes in bioavailable sex hormones, and environmental exposures. Recently, there have been genome-wide meta-analyses examining onset of puberty and anthropometric traits that may provide insight into the relationships of BMI, height velocity, and pubertal timing. Newer fields of investigation include examination of epigenetic modification.