Checklist of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) of vertebrates in Finland.

A checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) of vertebrates (fishes, birds and mammals) in Finland is presented, based on published observations, specimens deposited in the collections of the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki) and the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, and additional specimens identified by the present author. The checklist includes 170 tapeworm species from 151 host species, comprising 447 parasite species/host species combinations. Thirty of the tapeworm species and 96 of the parasite/host species combinations have not been previously reported from Finland. The total number of tapeworm species in Finland (170 spp.) is significantly lower than the corresponding figure for the Iberian Peninsula (257 spp.), Slovakia (225 spp.) and Poland (279 spp.). The difference between Finland and the other three regions is particularly pronounced for anseriform, podicipediform, charadriiform and passeriform birds, reflecting inadequate and/or biased sampling of these birds in Finland. It is predicted that there are actually ca. 270 species of tapeworms in Finland, assuming that true number of bird tapeworms in Finland corresponds to that in other European countries with more comprehensive knowledge of the local tapeworm fauna. The other main pattern emerging from the present data is the seemingly unexplained absence in (northern) Fennoscandia of several mammalian tapeworms that otherwise have extensive distributions in the Holarctic region or in Eurasia, including the northern regions. Previously unknown type specimens, that is, the holotype of Bothrimonus nylandicus Schneider, 1902 (a junior synonym of Diplocotyle olrikii Krabbe, 1874) (MZH 127096) and the syntypes of Caryophyllaeides fennica (Schneider, 1902) (MZH 127097) were located in the collections of the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

Introduction

There are no comprehensive checklists or other faunistic reviews of tapeworms () of vertebrates in northern Europe, although the cestodes of fishes have been recently reviewed in Latvia (Kirjušina and Vismanis 2007) and Finland (Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012). Among other host groups, the cestode fauna of rodents and shrews has been intensively studied in northern Europe (see, for example, Haukisalmi 1986, 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 1994, Bugmyrin et al. 2003, Anikanova et al. 2007). However, the cestode fauna of birds and large mammals in northern Europe has received surpirisingly little attention, with the exception of a recent series of studies on taeniid cestodes of carnivores in Finland and Sweden (Lavikainen et al. 2006, 2011, 2013, Haukisalmi et al. 2011).

Comprehensive checklists of cestodes covering all vertebrate groups have, however, been published at least for France (Joyeux and Baer 1936), Spain and Portugal (Cordero del Campillo et al. 1994), Slovakia (Synopsis of cestodes in Slovakia I–V: Macko et al. 1993, 1994, Hanzelová et al. 1995, Hanzelová and Ryšavý 1996, 1999), Poland (Pojmańska et al. 2007) and Belarus (Merkusheva and Bobkova 1981). Because of recent developments in tapeworm taxonomy, the older checklists, such as those of Joyeux and Baer (1936), are naturally somewhat outdated. Tapeworm taxonomy has long flourished in Russia and the former USSR, resulting in major faunistical and systematical reviews of cestodes of all vertebrate groups. The most appropriate example is the “Essentials (or Fundamentals) of Cestodology” – series, started in 1951, and now including 14 volumes. However, there are evidently no proper checklists or faunistic reviews summarizing information on tapeworms of all vertebrate classes in the European part of Russia.

The main purpose of the present study is to provide a comprehensive list of tapeworm species reported or found from Finland, including two of the former Finnish territories lost as a consequence of the Second World War (Karelia and Petsamo regions). The study concerns all vertebrate groups present in Finland, but no tapeworms are known from Finnish elasmobranchs, amphibians and reptiles. Besides published reports, specimens deposited in the collections of the two major Finnish natural history museums were examined for the presence of otherwise unknown species. The present checklist also includes as yet undescribed, more or less cryptic mammalian tapeworms identified by molecular methods (for example, Haukisalmi et al. 2008, 2009a, Lavikainen et al. 2013).

The present faunistic data from Finland are compared with the existing checklists from Europe, particularly the most recent ones from the Iberian Peninsula, Slovakia and Poland. These comparisons allow the identification of host and cestode groups that need to be examined more comprehensively to obtain a better idea of the overall cestode diversity in Finland and northern Europe in general.

Materials and methods

The list of tapeworm species of Finland, including the former territories in northern and south-eastern parts of the country, is based on published observations, speciPageBreakmens deposited in the collections of the and the , as well as additional specimens identified by the present author. For each cestode species, all known definitive and intermediate host species are listed with references for published records. The checklist does not, however, provide a complete list of references. Instead, the first known reference and, if available, one or more recent ones with additional information on the particular cestode species, such as DNA sequence data, distribution and biology, is given for each cestode species/host species combination. The checklist does not include regions or localities for the cestode records, except for the former Finnish territories.

Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki

Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, Finland

When specimens of a particular cestode species have been deposited in museum collections (in Finland or elsewhere), this has been indicated in the list, separately for each host species. However, collection/accession numbers are still unavailable for most of the specimens deposited in the Finnish museums (Helsinki and Turku). The specimens in the collections of both Finnish museums are generally old, commonly from the early 20th century. Most of the specimens in the Finnish Museum of Natural History are stored in 80% ethanol (originally usually in formaldehyde), whereas the entire material in the Turku museum consists of specimens on slides.

Most of the cestodes are reported in their hosts are the adult stages, mainly because the metacestodes of most tapeworms parasitize invertebrates, which were excluded from the present list. Also, there is limited information on metacestodes parasitizing invertebrates from Finland, most of the existing data coming from the parasites of fishes (Valtonen et al. 2012). (Nitzsch, 1824), Chubb, Seppälä, Lüscher, Milinski & Valtonen, 2006, Dubinina, 1959, (Zeder, 1803), (Gmelin, 1790), Williams & Sweatman, 1963 and (Batsch, 1786) are only known as metacestodes from Finland.

Three workers stand out as collectors of older museum specimens of Finnish cestodes. Kaarlo M. Levander (1867–1943) and Guido Schneider (1867–1948) collected cestodes and other helminths of marine and freshwater fishes from Finland. The latter also published several faunistic and taxonomic papers on fish tapeworms, including descriptions of new taxa (e.g. Schneider 1902b, 1904, 1905). Knowledge of the tapeworm fauna of Finnish birds is based largely on the collections and original identifications of Väinö H. Pekkola (1880–1953). Pekkola never published any data on tapeworms he collected, but fortunately a major part of his extensive collections is deposited in MZH and ZMUT.

Tapeworms available for study (other than museum specimens) originate from three main sources. Practically all the existing knowledge of the Finnish tapeworm fauna of rodents and shrews is based on specimens collected in connection with research projects led by Heikki Henttonen (Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke, previously Finnish Forest Research Institute) from the late 1970’s until the present. Several tapeworm species and tapeworm/host species combinations new to Finland were identified among the tapeworms collected by specialists at the Finnish Safety Authority PageBreakEvira (Marja Isomursu, Antti Oksanen). In addition, Antti Lavikainen (Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki) has recently collected and identified (by molecular methods) several taeniid species and taeniid/host species combinations new to Finland.

The geographical distribution of tapeworms of the field vole in Fennoscandia (Fig. 2) is based partly on published sources (Haukisalmi 1986, Haukisalmi et al. 1994, 2004, 2009a) and partly on the tapeworm collections of H. Henttonen, V. Haukisalmi and coworkers from Finland, northern Norway and Denmark, and on the field vole material collected by Maarit Jaarola from Sweden (Jaarola and Tegelström 1995, 1996, Jaarola et al. 1997).

Figure 2.

The geographical distribution of tapeworms of the field vole in Fennoscandia. All species except () represent the family . Grey symbols, species absent; black symbols, species present. The number of voles examined for helminths in each locality varies considerably, but is usually more than ten (several hundred in Kilpisjärvi and Pallasjärvi in western Finnish Lapland).

The identifications of vouchers and other specimens deposited in museum collections were checked, except when the specimens were in poor condition or when the rostellar hooks were lacking. The original identifications of cestodes without existing voucher specimens were accepted as such, the names modified to follow current taxonomy. The latter was derived from several sources, the seminal book “Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates” (Khalil et al. 1994) forming the backbone of the genus-level classification. However, the genus name Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954 has been used for Lopez-Neyra, 1942 –like cestodes parasitizing passerine birds, instead of merging them with the latter genus. Other major deviations from the classification scheme of Khalil et al. (1994) concern the Baer, 1923 and Lühe, 1910 -like species () of rodents and Linnaeus, 1758 -like species () of carnivores, recently revised by Haukisalmi (2009) and Haukisalmi et al. (2014), and Nakao et al. (2013), respectively.

Species-level taxonomy and identification are based on publications too numerous to be listed here, but the following books and papers may be mentioned as particularly important sources: Joyeux and Baer 1936 (all tapeworms), Scholz et al. 2007 (), Spasskaya 1966 (hymenolepidids of birds), Spasskaya and Spasskii 1977, 1978 (dilepidids of birds), Matevosyan 1969 (paruterinids of birds), Spasskii 1951, Rausch 1976, Beveridge 1978 (anoplocephalids), Vaucher 1971 (tapeworms of shrews) and Abuladze 1964 (taeniids). However, recent changes in species names have also been considered.

Tapeworms that could not be identified to species were included in the list if they were morphologically clearly different from other (congeneric) species. The checklist includes only those synonyms and misidentifications that have been used in publications concerning the Finnish cestode fauna or in museum specimens.

The scientific names of hosts follow Froese and Pauly (2015, fishes), Dickinson and Remsen (2013, birds), Dickinson and Christidis (2014, birds) and Wilson and Reeder (2005, mammals).

Results

The present checklist of tapeworms of Finland includes 170 parasite species from 151 host species, comprising 447 parasite species/host species combinations (see Appendix). PageBreakFishes, birds and mammals have 31, 80 and 67 tapeworm species, respectively. There is a slight overlap in the tapeworm faunas of the three main host groups, because the life-cycles of diphyllobothriids (eight species) and (Batsch, 1786) () include hosts representing two different vertebrate classes (birds and fishes, mammals and fishes, and birds and mammals). Among birds, the highest tapeworm diversity is found in anseriforms (34 spp.), charadriiforms (18 spp.) and passeriforms (14 spp.) (Table 1).

Table 1.

The number of tapeworm species in various bird orders in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Slovakia, Poland and Finland. For source references, see Materials and methods. If a tapeworm species occurs in more than one bird order, it has been exluded from the data.

Order	Iberian Peninsula	Slovakia	Poland	Finland
Anseriformes	15	55	65	34
Galliformes	12	10	9	3
Gaviiformes	-	-	3	6
Podicipediformes	2	10	17	5
Pelecaniformes	-	-	2	1
Ciconiiformes	2	6	6	-
Accipitriformes	-	1	4	1
Gruiformes	3	6	2	1
Charadriiformes	32	18	32	18
Phoenicopteriformes	-	-	3	-
Columbiformes	10	1	-	1
Strigiformes	1	-	-	1
Caprimulgiformes	1	-	-	-
Apodiformes	6	-	1	2
Coraciiformes	1	-	-	-
Piciformes	-	1	2	3
Passeriformes	23	28	21	14

The checklist includes 30 tapeworm species and 96 parasite species/host species combinations (including the 30 “new” species) that have not been previously reported from Finland, marked as “Present study” in the references/source column. Four of the Finnish tapeworm species are sporadic imported parasites of humans and domestic animals not exhibiting natural transmission in Finland (see Discussion). Eight of the tapeworm species in the present checklist have been recorded only from the former territories of Finland, either from the Petsamo (Pechenga) region at the coast of the Arctic Ocean or from Karelia in the south-east of Finland.

The Finnish tapeworms represent seven orders and 18 families. As expected, the order is the most diverse element of the Finnish cestode fauna (134 species or 80% of the total diversity), (61 spp.) being the most species-rich family.

The total number of tapeworm species in Finland (170 spp.) is lower than the corresponding figure for the Iberian Peninsula (257 spp.), Slovakia (225 spp.) and Poland (279 spp.) (Fig. 1). The difference between Finland and the other three regions is particularly pronounced for birds, the Finnish species diversity being only 46–70% of the corresponding diversity in the other regions. Among birds, the tapeworm fauna of anseriforms, podicipediforms, charadriiforms and passeriforms is usually significantly lower in Finland than in the other parts of Europe (Table 1). The species diversity of tapeworms in galliform birds in Finland is also unexpectedly low, partly because no cestodes have been reported from Finnish chickens ().

Figure 1.

The number of tapeworm species of vertebrates (excluding amphibians and reptiles) in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), Slovakia, Poland anf Finland. For source references, see Materials and methods. The figures above columns show the exact number of species.

In addition, there is low tapeworm diversity in mammals in Finland (67 spp.) compared with that in the Iberian Peninsula (106 spp.). The latter difference is partly due to the presence of tapeworms of marine mammals in Spain and Portugal (12 spp.); such tapeworms are not known from Finland, because the only regularly occurring and breeding marine mammals in Finland are seals ( and ), which do not carry host-specific tapeworms. However, Finnish seals accidentally carry fish-transmitted tapeworms of water birds and predatory fishes.

The holotypes of five species of tapeworms originate from Finland: , Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006, (Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985), Haukisalmi & Tenora, 1993 and Haukisalmi, Lavikainen, Laaksonen & Meri, 2011 (see Checklist for collection numbers). The MZH collection also includes a slide of Schneider, 1902 from Finland that is marked by Guido Schneider as “typ-ex”, although he did not designate a type specimen in his publication (Schneider 1902a). The date and locality of the specimen match with those given in the original description. Thefore, this specimen is identified as the holotype of PageBreakPageBreakPageBreak, and given the collection number MZH 127096. is presently considered a junior synonym of Krabbe, 1874 (see Burt and Sandeman 1969). In addition, two specimens in ethanol, clearly representing previously unknown syntypes of (Schneider, 1902) from Finland (MZH 127097), were located in the MZH collection (see Schneider 1902b).

Discussion

General characteristics of the tapeworm fauna of mammals in Finland

This section describes various features of the tapeworm fauna of shrews, rodents (particularly voles and lemmings) and carnivores in Finland. The mammalian tapeworms are among the most extensively studied parasites in Finland, and practically all of them have been subject to molecular systematic analysis of some form. By contrast, evidently no published DNA sequence data exist for tapeworms of fishes and birds from Finland, with the exception of (see Brabec et al. 2012, Scholz et al. 2014), and (see Wicht et al. 2010).

One of the main patterns emerging from the present data is the seemingly unexplained absence in (northern) Fennoscandia of several mammalian tapeworms that have extensive distributions in the Holarctic region or in Eurasia.

Shrews

There are six species of shrews () in Finland, five species of and the water shrew . According to the present checklist, shrews have 15 species of tapeworms, most of them hymenolepidids, parasitizing shrews in the adult stage [this figure excludes (Schrank, 1788) and sp., parasites of birds that do not reach full size and maturity in shrews]. The smaller and scarcer species of shrews ( with 6 species, with 12 species) have more depauperate tapeworm assemblages than the larger ones, particularly when compared with the numerically dominant (with 15 species) (see also Haukisalmi 1989). However, their faunas are overlapping in the sense that all the tapeworms of the smaller shrews also parasitize the larger ones. The only (partial) deviation to this pattern may be (Żarnowski, 1954), which has been found most frequently from the pygmy shrew in Finland (one record from ). On the other hand, is known to parasitize six species of in Eurasia (Binkienė et al. 2011). The tapeworm fauna of the smallest and scarcest species, the least shrew , is unknown in Finland.

The tapeworm fauna of shrews in Finland is very similar to that found elsewhere in Europe and western Eurasia. In Europe, there are only two species that have not been found from Finland, that is, Spasskii & Morozov, PageBreak1959 and (Baer, 1928). is a rare parasite of shrews with an extensive but very patchy distribution in Eurasia (Binkienė et al. 2011). It is possible that it occurs in Finland, but has not been found yet because of its rarity. The apparent absence of in Finland may be due to the fact that it has been confused with (Żarnowski, 1955) (see Karpenko 1999).

Among the tapeworms of shrews, only Schaldybin, 1964 can be regarded as a northern species; according to Binkienė et al. (2011) it has not been reported further south than Belarus in Europe, and it seems to have a northern distribution also elsewhere in Eurasia.

The molecular systematic analysis of Haukisalmi et al. (2010b) indicated that there is a species in the taiga shrew in Finland that is distinct from the type species (Cholodkovsky, 1906) and related species representing other genera. Because there should not be other species in Europe or western Eurasia (Binkienė et al. 2011), the cestode from may be a previously unknown species. Alternatively, it may one of the poorly known species described from Japan (see the Global Cestode Database; Caira et al. 2012).

The water shrews of the genus have an almost entirely separate tapeworm fauna when compared with the genus , although there is a number of scattered records of tapeworms parasitizing shrews (Binkienė et al. 2011). The tapeworm fauna of and in Europe comprise 15 species, all of them hymenolepidids (Binkienė et al. 2011, 2015), whereas only two tapeworm species are known from in Finland. One of these is typically a parasite of shrews [ (Cholodkovsky, 1906)], and the other ( sp.) is a parasite of birds that accidentally infects shrews and other mammals (reported also from the raccoon dog in the present checklist). The specific identity of from the water shrew has been confirmed by DNA sequences (Haukisalmi et al. 2010b).

The apparent absence of host-specific tapeworms of in Finland could be due to biased sampling of water shrews and restricted distribution of freshwater amphipod crustaceans (Segerstråle 1954), the intermediate hosts of tapeworms of water shrews (Georgiev et al. 2006). The absence of host-specific tapeworms in in Finland seems to follow the general pattern for other parts of the northern Europe (Binkienė et al. 2011). Binkienė et al. (2011) suggested that the reason for the absence or extreme rarity of host-specific tapeworms in in the north is the low abundance of the definitive hosts. However, the restricted/patchy distribution of the amphipod intermediate hosts and their low numbers in the diet of water shrews seems to be an equally plausible explanation.

Rodents (voles and lemmings)

Finland has a relatively diverse fauna of arvicoline rodents (), consisting of nine species of voles, including the introduced muskrat , and two species of lemmings.

In Finland, voles and lemmings have ten species of tapeworms parasitic in the adult stage, eight of them anoplocephalids, one catenotaeniid and one hymenolepidid cestode. The Finnish/northern European tapeworm fauna of arvicoline rodents can be classified into three main types: “endemics” of northenmost Europe (two species), species with a Holarctic distribution (one species) and species with extensive European/western Eurasian distribution (seven species).

(Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985) and (Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2001), parasitizing voles of the genus (particularly the grey-sided vole ) and the Norwegian lemming , respectively, appear to have distributions restricted to northern Fennoscandia. Based on the present knowledge, these species could be classified as the only endemic tapeworms of northern Europe.

The restricted distribution of seems curious, because its primary definitive host () has a continent-wide distribution in northern Eurasia. It is possible that has been misidentifed in earlier studies. For example, the extensive faunistical study of mammalian helminths in the north-west of the Ural mountains (Yushkov 1995) lists (Douthitt, 1915), (Kirshenblat, 1938) and (Hermann, 1783) as parasites of the grey-sided vole [the valid name of is (Douthitt, 1915) and is considered a junior synonym of ; see Haukisalmi et al. 2014]. Of these species, is morphologically rather similar to (see Tenora et al. 1985a, Haukisalmi et al. 2007) and may have been confused with the latter. It is now known that has a strictly North American distribution, parasitizing voles of the genus and geomyid rodents there (Haukisalmi and Henttonen 2003, Haukisalmi et al. 2004), although this name still appears as a parasite of arvicoline rodents in Eurasia. Thus, the true distribution of remains to be verified, but, based on the collections of the Beringian Coevolution Project (Hoberg et al. 2003, Cook et al. 2005), it does not occur in in easternmost Siberia (Chukotka Peninsula and adjacent regions).

If the restricted northern distribution of is found to be real, this would support the idea that has diverged as a result of a host shift from a northern European lineage (most likely ) to the Fennoscandian subclade of after its divergence from the Siberian populations (Cook et al. 2004, Haukisalmi et al. 2007). This scenario is supported by two phylogenetic/phylogeographic analyses on tapeworms of the genus (see Haukisalmi et al. 2004, 2007).

is known only from the Norwegian lemming (a Fennoscandian endemic) from the mountains of southern Norway (Finse, type locality) and from northern Finland (Lapland) (Haukisalmi and Henttonen 2001). However, a morphologically and genetically related, congeneric cestode occurs in is Alaska (Haukisalmi et al. 2010b), but it is uncertain if it is conspecific with . No tapeworms have been found from the wood lemming PageBreak in Finland, although (Gulyaev & Krivopalov, 2003) occurs in this host in eastern Siberia (Gulyaev and Krivopalov 2003).

Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006 is known to parasitize the tundra/root vole (and accidentally other species) from northern Finland to Alaska (Haukisalmi et al. 2004), therefore being the only tapeworm of Finnish rodents to have a Holarctic distribution, with the possible exception of (above). The conspecificity of populations in northern Finland, Hungary, the Russian Far East (Magadan) and Alaska has been verified by molecular methods (Haukisalmi et al. 2004).

Among the seven Finnish rodent tapeworms with an extensive European/western Eurasian distribution, (Galli-Valerio, 1905), (Douthitt, 1915), (Moniez, 1891), (Hermann, 1783) and Janicki, 1904 are primarily parasites of voles, is a parasite of voles ( and ) and (Tenora & Murai, 1980) is a host-generalist parasite of voles and lemmings.

Present data for the geographical distribution of tapeworms of the field vole in Fennoscandia (Fig. 2) show that the range of , , and extends to the northenmost Fennoscandia, whereas and are absent from the truly northern regions. Of the latter two species, has a more northerly distribution than . The absence of these species from northernmost Finland is primarily based on nearly 40 years’ monitoring of arvicoline rodents and their helminths in western Finnish Lapland by H. Henttonen and coworkers, although extensive helminth datasets have been gathered also from other northern localities in Finland. The absence of these two species from the north seems peculiar, because their main definitive host () occurs in the whole of the Fennoscandia, and is often the numerically dominant rodent species in open habitats throughout its range (Myllymäki et al. 1977).

It is noteworthy that no tapeworms of the genus Mas-Coma & Tenora, 1997 () have been reported from Finland or elsewhere from Fennoscandia, except for the finding of (von Linstow, 1901) from the bank vole from southern Norway (Baruš et al. 1977) and Russian Karelia (Mozgovoj et al. 1966). species are ubiquitous parasites of arvicolines (and sporadically other rodents) in the Holarctic region, their range encompassing the central and southern Europe. Of the 12 valid species of , at least eight occur in Eurasia (see the Global Cestode Database; Caira et al. 2012).

Another Holarctic tapeworm species evidently missing from Fennoscandia is (Rausch, 1952), a parasite of lemmings of the genus in northern Siberia and North America. The absence of this species seems real, because hundreds of Norwegian lemmings have been examined for helminths in Finnish Lapland and southern Norway by H. Henttonen and coworkers. It is hard to propose any general explanation for the absence of species in most of Fennoscandia, but the absence of and another host-specific, Holarctic tapeworm species of PageBreak spp. [ (Kontrimavichus & Smirnova, 1991)] may be the result of the severe population bottle-neck experienced by in Fennoscandia during the the last glacial maximum (Fedorov and Stenseth 2001, Haukisalmi and Henttonen 2001, Haukisalmi et al. in press).

(Rudolphi, 1819) (a parasite of spp.) and Montgomery, Montgomery & Dunn, 1987 (a parasite of spp.) may also be listed as “missing” species, although there do not exist extensive helminthological studies for rats in Finland. The unverified record of “” from (Raitis 1968; no voucher specimen exists), may, however, represent the latter tapeworm species.

Carnivores

There are 14 species of terrestrial carnivores in Finland. The present study lists 17 tapeworm species parasitizing carnivores in the adult stage, (nine species) being the dominant element of the fauna. However, the taeniid fauna of Finnish carnivores should also include two additional species, and (parasites of mustelids), which have been found so far only as metacestodes from rodents. The metacestode of the latter species has also been found unexpectedly from the otter . There are no published studies on tapeworms of mustelids in Finland.

Five of the Finnish carnivore tapeworms [ (Linnaeus, 1758), (Linnaeus, 1758), , s.s., Leuckart, 1863] are clearly imported parasites that are not transmitted in Finland. The identification of recent imported infections of taeniid metacestodes in humans is based on DNA sequences (Lavikainen 2005, A. Lavikainen, unpubl.).

is one of the tapeworm species that is mysteriously absent from Finland, although it has a Holarctic distribution and the definitive hosts (red fox and other canids, including the raccoon dog) and intermediate hosts (rodents) are present in Finland. In addition, (Zeder, 1800), a parasite of foxes that occurs basically throughout the Holarctic region, has not been found in Finland despite very extensive long-term studies on helminths of rodents (intermediate hosts of ) in Finland (H. Henttonen et al., unpublished). The absence of and may due to the fact that the density of the red fox, their primary definitive host, is below an (unknown) critical density for successful transmission of the parasite, and/or due to the pronounced density fluctuations of arvicoline rodents in Finland (Henttonen and Haukisalmi 2000). However, has recently appeared in Denmark and Sweden (Kapell and Saeed 2000, Osterman Lind et al. 2011, Wahlström et al. 2012), and is predicted to spread to Finland as well.

, with canids (including dog) as definitive hosts and hares as intermediate hosts, has evidently disappeared from Finland. In the 1940–50s, was still a very common parasite in the country, known as the “bladder worm disease” of hares (Lampio 1946, 1950). However, no metacestodes of were found PageBreakfrom hares in early 1980s (Soveri and Valtonen 1983), and a recent survey of tapeworms in wolves from Finland and Sweden based on molecular identification (Lavikainen et al. 2011) also failed to find it. It is clear that the hunters’ awareness of the transmission of the parasite (hare offal should not be fed to dogs) and anthelmintic teatment of hunting dogs have played a major role in the disappearence of this parasite, but do not completely explain it, because suitable wild hosts are still numerous in Finland.

Recently, molecular methods have had a revolutionary impact on taeniid systematics. For example, the application of DNA based methods has enabled distinction of more or less cryptic, new species of , including , a parasite of bears (definitive host) and cervids (intermediate hosts) in Finland, Alaska and Canada (Haukisalmi et al. 2011, Catalano et al. 2014). had previously been confused with other species, mainly with Moniez, 1879, but it was found to be a genetically and biologically distinct entity (Lavikainen et al. 2010). Recently, another new species of , with the lynx () as a definitive host and cervids as intermediate hosts, has been found in Finland based on the molecular identification of adults and metacestodes (V. Haukisalmi, A. Lavikainen et al., unpubl.).

Tapeworm diversity in different parts of Europe

One of the main patterns emerging from the present checklist and associated comparisons is that the tapeworm fauna of vertebrates in Finland is significantly less speciose than the corresponding fauna in other parts of Europe. The difference is mainly due to the low number of bird tapeworms in Finland.

Such a pronounced difference may be a real one or due to a number of confounding factors, including differences in latitude, available habitats (freshwater, marine, montane etc.), the number of host species present and the proportion of host species examined (adequately) for tapeworms. It is not possible to determine how these factors (interactively) determine the variation in tapeworm diversity in Europe, but the last factor probably explains most of the variation.

First, most of the tapeworms of vertebrates considered here have a wide European or western Eurasian (or more extensive) distribution, and are expected to occur in Fennoscandia, provided that their definitive and intermediate hosts are present. Therefore, latitude alone should not explain the differences in tapeworm diversity among regions. The availability of habitats is not a sufficient explanation either, because Finland is a long country stretching from the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland) to near the Arctic Ocean, and freshwater habitats (including thousands of lakes) are ubiquitous. Semi-montane landscape prevails in northern Finland (Lapland). The number of vertebrate host species certainly affects tapeworm diversity, and the high overall tapeworm diversity in the Iberian Peninsula is probably partly explained by this factor. However, there are no marked differences in vertebrate diversity between Slovakia, Poland and Finland, except that there are slightly fewer species of fishes and water birds in Slovakia because of the absence of marine habitats.

These patterns favour the idea that low tapeworm diversity in Finland is mainly due to insufficient sampling of vertebrates, particularly anseriform, podicipediform, charadriiform and passeriform birds. The tapeworm fauna of Poland, which is among the best known in Europe (Pojmańska et al. 2007), forms the most suitable model when predicting the true number of tapeworm species in Finland. The diversity of vertebrates is roughly equal in Poland and Finland, and there are no major faunistical differences either. In addition, Poland and Finland are both situated on the Baltic sea.

The tapeworms of fishes and mammals in Finland are relatively well known and the number of tapeworm species in these hosts is taken as such. In Poland, there are 172 species of tapeworms in birds, which is taken as the predicted number for the Finnish fauna. Based on this method, there should be ca. 270 species of tapeworms in Finland, instead of the 170 species listed in the present study.

A.

Tapeworm species and their hosts.

Tapeworm taxa	Host species	References/source of specimens	Depositories/ collection numbers
CARYOPHYLLIDEA
Caryophyllaeidae
Caryophyllaeus Müller, 1787
Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) [Caryophyllaeus mutabilis Rudolphi, 1802]	Abramis brama	Schneider 1902c, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Blicca bjoerkna	Levander 1902, Schneider 1902c	MZH, ZMUT
	Leuciscus leuciscus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Rutilus rutilus	Valtonen et al. 1997	ZMUT
Lytocestidae
Caryophyllaeides Nybelin, 1922
Caryophyllaeides fennica (Schneider, 1902) [Caryophyllaeus fennicus Schneider, 1902]	Alburnus alburnus	Andersen and Valtonen 1990	-
	*Blicca bjoerkna (Karelia)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Carassius carassius	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Leuciscus idus	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Leuciscus leuciscus	Andersen and Valtonen 1990	-
	Rutilus rutilus	Andersen and Valtonen 1990	ZMUT
	Scardinius erythrophtalmus	Schneider 1902b, Schneider 1902c	MZH 127097 (syntypes)
Khawia Hsü, 1935
Khawia rossittensis (Szidat, 1937)	Carassius carassius	Gibson and Valtonen 1983	-
SPATHEBOTHRIIDEA
Acrobothriidae
Cyathocephalus Kessler, 1868
Cyathocephalus truncatus (Pallas, 1781)	Coregonus lavaretus	Jääskeläinen 1910, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salmo trutta	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	*Thymallus thymallus (Karelia)	Jääskeläinen 1910	MZH
Diplocotyle Krabbe, 1874
Diplocotyle olrikii Krabbe, 1874 [Bothrimonus nylandicus Schneider, 1902, Diplocotyle nylandica (Schneider, 1902)]	Gadus morhua	Schneider 1902a, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Platichtys flesus	Schneider 1902a	MZH 127096 (holotype of Bothrimonus nylandicus)
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDEA
Diphyllobothriidae
Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1878
Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) [Diphyllobothrium norvegicum Vik, 1957]	Coregonus albula (l)	Wikgren 1964, Valtonen et al. 1988	-
	Coregonus lavaretus (l)	Wikgren 1964, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Esox lucius (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Gasterosteus aculeatus (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Lota lota (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Triglopsis quadricornis (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Osmerus eperlanus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salmo salar (l)	Valtonen et al. 2001	-
	Salmo trutta (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salvelinus alpinus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
Diphyllobothrium ditremum (Creplin, 1825) [Diphyllobothrium osmeri (von Linstow, 1878), Diphyllobothrium vogeli Kuhlow, 1953, Bothriocephalus ditremus Creplin, 1825]	Gavia arctica	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Larus argentatus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Mergus merganser	Present study (HH)	-
	Pusa hispida saimensis	Sinisalo et al. 2003	-
	Coregonus albula (l)	Wikgren 1964, Valtonen et al. 1988	-
	Coregonus lavaretus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Gasterosteus aculeatus (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Lota lota (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Osmerus eperlanus (l)	Wikgren 1964, Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Pungitius pungitius (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salmo trutta (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salvelinus alpinus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
Diphyllobothrium latum (Linnaeus, 1758) [Bothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758), Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758)]	Canis lupus familiaris	Oksanen 1972, Pullola et al. 2006	MZH
	Homo sapiens	Spöring 1747, Sievers 1905	MZH 44684
	Vulpes vulpes	Freeman 1964b	-
	Esox lucius (l)	Levander 1902, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Gymnocephalus cernuus (l)	Levander 1902, Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Lota lota (l)	Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	-
	Perca fluviatilis (l)	Levander 1902, Valtonen et al. 1997	MZH
Ligula Bloch, 1782
Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) [Ligula simplicissima Rudolphi, 1802]	Gavia arctica	Raitis 1968	MZH
	Larus argentatus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Larus fuscus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Mergus merganser	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Mergus serrator	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Phalacrocorax carbo	Levander 1927b, Lampio 1946	MZH
	Podiceps cristatus	Raitis 1968	MZH
	Abramis brama (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Alburnus alburnus (l)	Levander 1902, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Blicca bjoerkna	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Leuciscus leuciscus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Perca fluviatilis (l)	Valtonen et al. 1997	MZH
	Phoxinus phoxinus (l)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Rutilus rutilus (l)	Valtonen et al. 1997	MZH
Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829
Schistocephalus cotti Chubb, Seppälä, Lüscher, Milinski & Valtonen, 2006	Cottus gobio (l)	Chubb et al. 2006, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	BMNH 2006.1.5.1 (holotype), BMNH 2006.1.5.2–7 (paratypes)
Schistocephalus pungitii Dubinina, 1959 [Schistocephalus dimorphus Creplin, 1829, Schistocephalus gasterostei (Fabricius, 1780), Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776)]	Pungitius pungitius (l)	Schneider 1902c, Valtonen et al. 2001	MZH
Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776) [Schistocephalus gasterostei (Fabricius, 1780)]	Arenaria interpres	Levander 1927a	-
	Bucephala clangula	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Mergus serrator	Schneider 1902c, Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Sterna hirundo	Lemmetyinen and Raitis 1972	-
	Sterna paradisaea	Lemmetyinen and Raitis 1972	-
	Pusa hispida botnica	Chubb et al. 1995	-
	Gasterosteus aculeatus (l)	Schneider 1902c, Valtonen and Julkunen 1995	MZH
Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
Spirometra sp. [Bothriocephalus felis Creplin, 1852, Bothriocephalus decipiens Railliet, 1866]	Lynx lynx	Schneider 1906, Lavikainen et al. 2013, R. Kuchta & A. Lavikainen, unpubl.	-
BOTHRIOCEPHALIDEA
Bothriocephalidae
Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808
Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782)	Anguilla anguilla	Schneider 1902c	MZH
Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller, 1776) [Bothriocephalus punctatus (Rudolphi, 1802)]	Myoxocephalus scorpius	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Scophthalmus maximus	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Taurulus bubalis	Schneider 1904	MZH
	Triglopsis quadricornis	Schneider 1904	MZH
Triaenophoridae
Abothrium van Beneden, 1871
Abothrium gadi van Beneden, 1871	*Gadus morhua (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Eubothrium Nybelin, 1922
Eubothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779) [Abothrium crassum (Bloch, 1779), Bothriotaenia proboscidea (Batsch, 1786), Bothriocephalus proboscideus (Batsch, 1786), Dibothrium proboscideum (Batsch, 1786)]	Clupea harengus membras	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Coregonus lavaretus	Valtonen et al. 1988	-
	Salmo salar	Schneider 1902c, Andersen and Valtonen 1990	MZH
	Salmo trutta	Andersen and Valtonen 1990	MZH
Eubothrium rugosum (Batsch, 1786) [Abothrium rugosum (Batsch, 1786), Bothriotaenia rugosa (Batsch, 1786), Bothriocephalus rugosus (Batsch, 1786), Dibothrium rugosum (Batsch, 1786)]	Lota lota	Schneider 1904, Andersen and Valtonen 1990	MZH
Eubothrium salvelini (Schrank, 1790)	Salmo trutta	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
	Salvelinus alpinus	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	MZH
Triaenophorus Rudolphi, 1793
Triaenophorus crassus Forel, 1868 [Triaenophorus robustus Olsson, 1893]	Esox lucius	Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Coregonus albula (l)	Luther 1908, Valtonen et al. 1988	MZH
	Coregonus lavaretus (l)	Valtonen et al. 1988	MZH
	Lampetra fluviatilis (l)	Valtonen et al. 1989	-
	Oncorhynchus mykiss (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salvelinus alpinus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Thymallus thymallus (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
Thymallus nodulosus Sramek, 1901	Esox lucius	Schneider 1901, Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Esox lucius (l)	Levander 1927c	MZH
	Cottus gobio (l)	Schneider 1904	-
	Gasterosteus aculeatus (l)	Valtonen et al. 1989	-
	Gymnocephalus cernuus (l)	Valtonen et al. 1989	-
	Lota lota (l)	Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Osmerus eperlanus (l)	Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Perca fluviatilis (l)	Schneider 1902c, Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Pungitius pungitius (l)	Schneider 1902c, Valtonen et al. 1989	MZH
	Salmo salar (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Salmo trutta (l)	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Zoarces viviparus (l)	Schneider 1904, Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Pusa hispida saimensis	Present study (MZH)	MZH
PROTEOCEPHALIDEA
Proteocephalidae
Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858
Proteocephalus ambiguus (Dujardin, 1845) [Ichthyotaenia ambigua (Dujardin, 1845)]	Pungitius pungitius	Schneider 1905, Andersen and Valtonen 1990	-
Proteocephalus cernuae (Gmelin, 1790)	Gymnocephalus cernuus	Valtonen and Rintamäki 1989	ZMUT
Proteocephalus filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802)	Gasterosteus aculeatus	Schneider 1902c, Andersen and Valtonen 1990	-
Proteocephalus gobiorum Dogel & Bykhovskii, 1939	Myoxocephalus scorpius	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
	Pomatoschistus minutus	Valtonen et al. 2001	MZH
	Triglopsis quadricornis	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	ZMUT
Proteocephalus longicollis (Zeder, 1800) [Taenia longicollis Zeder, 1800, Ichtyotaenia longicollis (Zeder, 1800), Proteocephalus exiguus La Rue, 1911, Pomatoschistus albulae Freze & Kazakov, 1969]	Coregonus albula	Valtonen et al. 1988	-
	Coregonus lavaretus	Valtonen et al. 1988	MZH
	Salvelinus alpinus	Pulkkinen and Valtonen 2012	-
Pomatoschistus macrocephalus (Creplin, 1825) [Ichtyotaenia macrocephala (Creplin, 1825)]	Anguilla anguilla	Schneider 1902c	MZH
Pomatoschistus percae (Müller, 1780) [Ichthyotaenia percae (Müller, 1780), Ichthyotaenia ocellata (Rudolphi, 1802), Ichthyotaenia filicollis (Rudolphi, 1802)]	Perca fluviatilis	Schneider 1904, Valtonen and Rintamäki 1989	MZH
Pomatoschistus tetrastomus (Rudolphi, 1810) [Pomatoschistus longicollis (Zeder, 1800)]	Osmerus eperlanus	Andersen and Valtonen 1990	-
Pomatoschistus thymalli (Annenkova-Khlopina, 1923)	Thymallus thymallus	Present study (HH)	MZH
Pomatoschistus torulosus (Batsch, 1786) [Taenia torulosa Batsch, 1786, Ichthyotaenia torulosa (Batsch, 1786)]	Abramis ballerus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Alburnus alburnus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Leuciscus idus	Schneider 1902c	MZH
	Leuciscus leuciscus	Valtonen et al. 2001	-
	Rutilus rutilus	Valtonen et al. 1997	-
Glanitaenia de Chambrier, Zehnder, Vaucher & Mariaux, 2004
Glanitaenia osculata (Goeze, 1782) [Ichtyotaenia osculata (Goeze, 1782)]	*Silurus glanis (Karelia)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
TETRABOTHRIIDEA
Tetrabothriidae
Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819
Tetrabothrius macrocephalus (Rudolphi, 1810) [Bothriocephalus macrocephalus Rudolphi, 1810]	Cepphus grylle	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Gavia stellata	Present study (MZH, ZMUT)	MZH, ZMUT
	Podiceps cristatus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Uria aalge	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Tetrabothrius mawsoni Johnston, 1937 [Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (Rudolphi, 1819)]	Larus argentatus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Podiceps cristatus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Gavia stellata	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
Anoplocephalidae
Anoplocephala Blanchard, 1848
Anoplocephala perfoliata (Goeze, 1782) [Taenia perfoliata Goeze, 1782]	Equus caballus	Saari and Nikander 1992	MZH
Anoplocephaloides Baer, 1923
Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata (Galli-Valerio, 1905)	Arvicola amphibius	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Lemmus lemmus	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Microtus agrestis	Tenora et al. 1986b, Haukisalmi et al. 2009a	USNPC 95648, 97613–97615, MZH
	Microtus oeconomus	Tenora et al. 1986b, Haukisalmi et al. 2009a	USNPC 97612, 97616, 107977–107979, 107999, MZH
	Myodes rufocanus	Tenora et al. 1986b, Haukisalmi et al. 1987	MZH
Eurotaenia Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hoberg & Henttonen, 2014
Eurotaenia gracilis (Tenora & Murai, 1980) [Paranoplocephala gracilis Tenora & Murai, 1980]	Arvicola amphibius	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Lemmus lemmus	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Microtus agrestis	Tenora et al. 1986a, Wickström et al. 2005	MZH
	Microtus oeconomus	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Myodes glareolus	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Myodes rufocanus	Tenora et al. 1986a	MZH
	Myodes rutilus	Present study (HH)	USNPC 107980, MZH (S)
Lemminia Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hoberg & Henttonen, 2014
Lemminia fellmani (Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2001) [Paranoplocephala fellmani Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 2001]	Lemmus lemmus	Haukisalmi and Henttonen 2001, Wickström et al. 2005	MZH 8406 (paratype)
Microcephaloides Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hardman, Rausch & Henttonen, 2008
Microcephaloides cf. variabilis (Douthitt, 1915) [Anoplocephaloides cf. variabilis Douthitt, 1915]	Microtus agrestis	Tenora et al. 1986b, Haukisalmi et al. 2008	MSB Endo 74, MZH
	Microtus oeconomus	Haukisalmi et al. 2008	MSB Endo 72, 75, MZH
	Myodes rufocanus	Present study (HH)	MZH
Microticola Haukisalmi, Hardman, Hoberg & Henttonen, 2014
Microticola blanchardi (Moniez, 1891) [Anoplocephaloides cf. blanchardi Moniez, 1891]	Microtus agrestis	Tenora et al. 1986b, Wickström et al. 2005	MZH
	Microtus oeconomus	Tenora et al. 1986b	MZH
Moniezia Blanchard, 1891
Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810)	Alces alces	Nygrén and Wallén 2001	MZH
	*Ovis aries (Karelia)	Pulkkinen 1932	-
Moniezia benedeni (Moniez, 1879)	Bos taurus	Present study	MZH
Moniezia cf. benedeni (Moniez, 1879), as Moniezia sp.	Rangifer tarandus	Wickström et al. 2005	MZH
Mosgovoyia Spasskii, 1951
Mosgovoyia pectinata (Goeze, 1782) [Cittotaenia pectinata (Goeze, 1782)]	Lepus europaeus	Soveri and Valtonen 1983
	Lepus timidus	Reuter 1882, Lampio 1946, Haukisalmi et al. 2010a	MZH
Neoctenotaenia Tenora, 1976
Neoctenotaenia ctenoides (Railliet, 1890)	Oryctolagus cuniculus	Haukisalmi et al. 2010a	MZH
Paranoplocephala Lühe, 1910
Paranoplocephala omphalodes (Hermann, 1783) [Taenia omphalodes Hermann, 1783, Andrya omphalodes (Hermann, 1783), Andrya microti Hansen, 1947]	Arvicola amphibius	Tenora et al. 1986a	MZH
	Microtus agrestis	Haukisalmi et al. 1994, 2004	USNPC 92584, MZH
	Microtus levis	Present study (HH)	MZH
	Myodes glareolus	Present study (HH)	MZH
Paranoplocephala jarrelli Haukisalmi, Henttonen & Hardman, 2006 [Andrya microti Hansen, 1947]	Microtus oeconomus	Haukisalmi et al. 2006, 2009b	USNPC 95640 (holotype), 95641 (paratype), 108003, HNHM 67468, MZH
Paranoplocephala kalelai (Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985) [Andrya kalelai Tenora, Haukisalmi & Henttonen, 1985]	Myodes glareolus	Tenora et al. 1985a, Haukisalmi et al. 2007	USNPC 108001, 108002, MZH
	Myodes rufocanus	Tenora et al. 1985a, Haukisalmi et al. 2007	MZH 61034 (holotype), 61033, 61035 (paratypes)
	Myodes rutilus	Tenora et al. 1985a	MZH
Catenotaeniidae
Catenotaenia Janicki, 1904
Catenotaenia henttoneni Haukisalmi & Tenora, 1993 [Catenotaenia cricetorum Kirshenblat, 1949]	Myodes glareolus	Haukisalmi and Tenora 1993, Haukisalmi et al. 2010c	MZH 63142 (holotype), 63141 (paratype), USNPC 94886, 102583, 102585, 102582
	Myodes rutilus	Wiger et al. 1976, Haukisalmi and Tenora 1993, Haukisalmi et al. 2010c	USNPC 102584, 102586–102588, 107981, 107997, 107998, MZH
Catenotaenia dendritica (Goeze, 1782)	Sciurus vulgaris	Haukisalmi et al. 2010c	USNPC 102581, MZH
Catenotaenia pusilla (Goeze, 1782)	Mus musculus	Present study (HH)	-
Skrjabinotaenia Ahumyan, 1946
Skrjabinotaenia lobata (Baer, 1925)	Apodemus flavicollis	Present study (HH)	MZH
Davaineidae
Ophryocotyle Friis, 1870
Ophryocotyle proteus Friis, 1870	*Limosa lapponica (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Paroniella Fuhrmann, 1920
Paroniella urogalli (Modeer, 1790) [Taenia urogalli Modeer, 1790, Davainea urogalli (Modeer, 1790)]	Lagopus lagopus	Isomursu et al. 2004	MZH
	Lyrurus tetrix	Lampio 1946, Isomursu et al. 2004	MZH
	Perdix perdix	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Tetrao urogallus	Isomursu et al. 2004	MZH
	Tetrastes bonasia	Isomursu et al. 2004	MZH
Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920
Raillietina frontina (Dujardin, 1845) [Davainea frontina (Dujardin, 1845)]	Dryocopus martius	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
Skrjabinia Fuhrmann, 1920
Skrjabinotaenia cesticillus (Molin, 1858)	Lagopus lagopus	Isomursu et al. 2004	MZH
	Lyrurus tetrix	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
	Tetrao urogallus	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
	Tetrastes bonasia	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
Dilepididae
Alcataenia Spasskaya, 1971
Alcataenia campylacantha (Krabbe, 1869) [Anomotaenia campylacantha (Krabbe, 1869), Choanotaenia campylacantha (Krabbe, 1869)]	*Cepphus grylle (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
Alcataenia larina (Krabbe, 1869) [Anomotaenia larina (Krabbe, 1869)]	Larus canus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Angularella Strand, 1928
Angularella sp.	Riparia riparia	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Anomotaenia Cohn, 1900
Anomotaenia arionis (von Siebold, 1850) [Choanotaenia arionis (von Siebold, 1850)]	*Actitis hypoleucos (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	MZH
Anomotaenia globulus (Wedl, 1855)	Scolopax rusticola	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Anomotaenia microrhyncha (Krabbe, 1869)	*Charadrius hiaticula (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	*Philomachus pugnax (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Dictymetra Clark, 1952
Dictymetra laevigata (Rudolphi, 1819)	*Phalaropus lobatus (Petsamo)		ZMUT
	Numenius arquata	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Dilepis Weinland, 1858
Dilepis undula (Schrank, 1788) [Taenia undulata Rudolphi, 1810]	Columba palumbus	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Corvus corone	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Pica pica	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Turdus iliacus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Turdus philomelos	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Turdus pilaris	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Turdus viscivorus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Sorex araneus	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Fuhrmannolepis Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1965
Fuhrmannolepis sp.	Scolopax rusticola	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Hepatocestus Bona, 1994
Hepatocestus hepaticus (Baer, 1932) [Choanotaenia hepatica (Baer, 1932)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher, 1971, Haukisalmi 1989	-
Hirundinicola Birova-Volosinovicova, 1969
Hirundinicola parvirostris (Krabbe, 1869)	*Delichon urbica (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Hirundo rustica	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Kowalewskiella Baczynska, 1914
Kowalewskiella cingulifera (Krabbe, 1869)	*Actitis hypoleucos (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Liga Weinland, 1857
Liga crateriformis (Goeze, 1782) [Choanotaenia crateriformis (Goeze, 1782), Monopylidium crateriformis (Goeze, 1782)]	Dendrocopos leucotos	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Dendrocopos major	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Picus canus	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
Monocercus Villot, 1882
Monocercus arionis (von Siebold, 1850) [Choatonotaenia crassiscolex (von Linstow, 1890), Molluscotaenia crassiscolex (von Linstow, 1890)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher, 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994	-
	Sorex isodon	Bugmyrin et al. 2003	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Monosertum Bona, 1994
Monosertum parinum (Dujardin, 1845) [Choanotaenia parina (Dujardin, 1845)]	Fringilla montifringilla	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Neoliga Singh, 1952
Neoliga depressa (von Siebold, 1836)	Apus apus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Neovalipora Baer, 1962
Neovalipora parvispine (Linton, 1927)	Gavia stellata	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Nototaenia Jones & Williams, 1967
Nototaenia brevis (von Linstow, 1884) [Amoebotaenia brevis (von Linstow, 1884)]	Pluvialis apricaria	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Polycercus Villot, 1883
Polycercus sp.	Neomys fodiens	Present study (HH)	-
	Nyctereutes procyonoides	Present study (EVIRA)	-
Rallitaenia Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1975
Rallitaenia pyriformis (Wedl, 1855)	Crex crex	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Sacciuterina Matevosyan, 1963
Sacciuterina paradoxa (Rudolphi, 1802)	*Calidris alpina (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Scolopax rusticola	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Sobolevitaenia Spasskaya & Makarenko, 1965
Sobolevitaenia borealis (Krabbe, 1869)	*Motacilla alba (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Spiniglans Yamaguti, 1959
Spiniglans constricta (Molin, 1858) [Taenia constricta Molin, 1858, Anomotaenia constricta (Molin, 1858), Monopylidium constricta (Molin, 1858)]	Corvus corone	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
Spiniglans sharpiloi Kornyushin, Salamatin, Greben, Georgiev, 2009	Pica pica	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Trichocephaloidis Sinitzin, 1896
Trichocephaloidis sp.	Tringa glareola	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Dipylidiidae
Dipylidium Leuckart, 1863
Dipylidium caninum (Linnaeus, 1758) [Taenia cucumerina Bloch, 1782]	Canis lupus familiaris	Oksanen 1972, Saari 1999
Hymenolepididae
Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903
Aploparaksis crassirostris (Krabbe, 1869)	Calidris alpina	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Limicola falcinella	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Tringa glareola	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Aploparaksis filum (Goeze, 1782) s.l.	Numenius arquata	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Scolopax rusticola	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Tringa glareola	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Aploparaksis furcigera (Nitzsch in Rudolphi, 1819) [Taenia rhomboidea Dujardin, 1845, Aploparaksis rhomboidea (Dujardin, 1845)]	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	MZH
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
	Bucephala clangula	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Biglandatrium Spasskaya, 1961
Biglandatrium biglandatrium (Spasskaya, 1961)	Gavia arctica	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Confluaria Ablasov in Spasskaya, 1966
Confluaria furcifera (Krabbe, 1869)	Podiceps grisegena	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Confluaria multistriata (Rudolphi, 1810)? [Taenia multistriata Rudolphi, 1810]	Mergus merganser	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Confluaria pseudofurcifera Vasileva, Georgiev & Genov, 2000 [Hymenolepis furcifera (Krabbe, 1869)]	Podiceps cristatus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Dicranotaenia Railliet, 1892
Dicranotaenia coronula (Dujardin, 1845) [Hymenolepis coronula (Dujardin, 1845)]	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	MZH
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
	Bucephala clangula	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Melanitta fusca	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
Diorchis Clerc, 1903
Diorchis elisae (Skrjabin, 1914)	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Diorchis inflata (Rudolphi, 1819)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Diorchis stefanskii Czaplinski, 1956	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Diorchis asiatica Spasskii, 1963	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Diorchis ransomi Schultz, 1940	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Diploposthe Jacobi, 1896
Diploposthe laevis (Bloch, 1782)	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya ferina	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Ditestolepis Sołtys, 1952
Ditestolepis diaphana (Cholodkovsky, 1906) [Hymenolepis diaphana Cholodkovsky, 1906]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989	-
	Sorex isodon	Bugmyrin et al. 2003	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Ditestolepis sp.	Sorex isodon	Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	-
Drepanidolepis López-Neyra, 1942
Drepanidolepis anatina (Krabbe, 1869) [Hymenolepis anatina (Krabbe, 1869)]	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Raitis 1968, Brglez and Valtonen 1986	ZMUT
Drepanidolepis spinulosa (Dubinina, 1953)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Drepanidolepis sp. 1	Melanitta fusca	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Drepanidolepis sp. 2	Melanitta fusca	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Drepanidotaenia Railliet, 1892
Drepanidotaenia lanceolata (Bloch, 1782)	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Dubininolepis Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954
Dubininolepis rostellata (Abildgaard, 1790) [Hymenolepis rostellata (Abildgaard, 1790), Hymenolepis capitellata Railliet, 1899]	Gavia arctica	Raitis 1968	MZH, ZMUT
	Gavia stellata	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Fimbriaria Frölich, 1802
Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) [Taenia malleus Goeze, 1782, Fimbriaria plana (von Linstow, 1905)]	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	MZH
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	MZH
	Mergus merganser	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	*Mergus serrator (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	*Somateria mollissima (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Gulyaevilepis Kornienko & Binkiene, 2014
Gulyaevilepis tripartita (Żarnowski, 1955) [Hymenolepis tripartita (Żarnowski, 1955), Ditestolepis tripartita (Żarnowski, 1955)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Hymenolepis Weinland, 1858
Hymenolepis cf. diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819)	Apodemus flavicollis	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Hymenolepis (s.l.) asymmetrica Janicki, 1904 [Rodentolepis asymmetrica (Janicki, 1904)]	Microtus agrestis	Haukisalmi et al. 1994	MZH
Hymenolepis (s.l.) sp.	Lagopus lagopus	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
	Lyrurus tetrix	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
	Tetrao urogallus	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
	Tetrastes bonasia	Isomursu et al. 2004	-
Lineolepis Spasskii, 1959
Lineolepis scutigera (Dujardin, 1845) [Hymenolepis scutigera (Dujardin, 1845)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Microsomacanthus Lopez-Neyra, 1942
Microsomacanthus abortiva (von Linstow, 1904)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
Microsomacanthus arcuata (Kowalewski, 1904)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Microsomacanthus collaris (Batsch, 1786) [Hymenolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786), Myxolepis collaris (Batsch, 1786), Taenia sinuosa Zeder, 1803, Hymenolepis sinuosa Railliet, 1899]	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Raitis 1968, Brglez and Valtonen 1986	MZH, ZMUT
	Anas platyrhynchos	Raitis 1968, Brglez and Valtonen 1986	ZMUT
	Aythya ferina	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Microsomacanthus compressa (Linton, 1892)	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
	Aythya marila	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Microsomacanthus diorchis (Fuhrmann, 1913)	Somateria mollissima	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Microsomacanthus microsoma (Creplin, 1829) [Hymenolepis microsoma (Creplin, 1829)]	Somateria mollissima	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Microsomacanthus paracompressa (Czaplinski, 1956)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma (Gasowska, 1931)	Somateria mollissima	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Neoskrjabinolepis Spasskii, 1947
Neoskrjabinolepis merkushevae Kornienko & Binkienė, 2008	Sorex araneus	Present study (S. Kornienko & L. Kontrimavichus, unpubl.)	-
	Sorex caecutiens	Present study (S. Kornienko & L. Kontrimavichus, unpubl.)	-
Neoskrjabinolepis schaldybini Spasskii, 1947 [Hymenolepis schaldybini (Spasskii, 1947)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989	MZH
	Sorex isodon	Present study (HH)	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Neoskrjabinolepis singularis (Cholodkovsky, 1912) [Hymenolepis singularis Cholodkovsky, 1912]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989	-
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi 1989	-
Nomadolepis Makarikov, Gulyaev & Krivopalov, 2010
Nomadolepis sp.	Micromys minutus	Haukisalmi et al. 2010b, Makarikov et al. 2015
Passerilepis Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954
Passerilepis crenata (Goeze, 1782) [Hymenolepis serpentulus (Schrank, 1788)]	Corvus corone	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Turdus iliacus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Turdus pilaris	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Turdus viscivorus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Passerilepis parina (Fuhrmann, 1907)	Parus major	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
Parus stylosa (Rudolphi, 1809) [Taenia stylosa Rudolphi, 1809]	Pica pica	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Pseudobotrialepis Schaldybin, 1957
Pseudobotrialepis globosoides (Sołtys, 1954) [Hymenolepis globosoides (Soltys, 1954), Dicranotaenia globosoides Soltys, 1954]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994	-
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
Retinometra Spasskii, 1955
Retinometra macracanthos (von Linstow, 1877)	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas penelope	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya marila	Present study (ZMUT)	ZMUT
Rodentolepis Spasskii, 1954
Rodentolepis fraterna (Stiles, 1906)	Apodemus flavicollis	Present study (HH)	-
Sobolevicanthus Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954
Sobolevicanthus dafilae Polk, 1942	Anas acuta	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Sobolevicanthus octacanthus (Krabbe, 1869)	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas querquedula	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Sobolevicanthus gracilis (Zeder, 1803) [Hymenolepis gracilis (Zeder, 1803)]	Anas clypeata	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Anas crecca	Raitis 1968, Brglez and Valtonen 1986	ZMUT
	Anas platyrhynchos	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
	*Mergus serrator (Petsamo)	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Sobolevicanthus krabbeella (Hughes, 1940)	Anas crecca	Brglez and Valtonen 1986	-
	Aythya fuligula	Valtonen and Brglez 1986	-
Soricinia Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954
Soricinia infirma (Żarnowski, 1955) [Hymenolepis infirma (Żarnowski, 1955), Insectivorolepis infirma Żarnowski, 1955]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi 1989	MZH
Spasskylepis Schaldybin, 1964
Spasskylepis ovaluteri Schaldybin, 1964	Sorex araneus	Present study (HH)	-
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	-
Staphylocystis Villot,1877
Staphylocystis furcata (Stieda, 1862) [Hymenolepis furcata (Stieda, 1862)]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1994	-
Staphylocystoides Yamaguti, 1959
Staphylocystoides stefanskii (Żarnowski, 1954)	Sorex araneus	Present study (HH)	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	-
	Sorex sp.	Vaucher, 1971	-
Tschertkovilepis Spassky & Spasskaya, 1954
Tschertkovilepis tenuirostris (Rudolphi, 1819) [Taenia tenuirostris Rudolphi, 1819]	Mergus merganser	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Urocystis Villot, 1880
Urocystis prolifer Villot, 1880 [Hymenolepis prolifer (Villot, 1880)]	Sorex araneus	Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
Vampirolepis Spasskii, 1954
Vampirolepis sp.	Eptesicus nilssoni	Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	-
Variolepis Spasskii & Spasskaya, 1954
Variolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) [Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782)]	Sturnus vulgaris	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Vigisolepis Matevosyan, 1945
Vigisolepis spinulosa (Cholodkovsky, 1906) [Hymenolepis spinulosa Cholodkovsky, 1906]	Sorex araneus	Vaucher, 1971, Haukisalmi 1989, Haukisalmi et al. 2010b	MZH
	Sorex caecutiens	Haukisalmi 1989	-
	Sorex isodon	Present study (HH)	-
	Sorex minutus	Haukisalmi 1989	-
	Neomys fodiens	Present study (HH)	-
Wardium Mayhew, 1925
Wardium creplini (Krabbe, 1869) [Hymenolepis creplini (Krabbe, 1869)]	Anser fabalis	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Wardoides Spasskii, 1963
Wardoides nyrocae (Yamaguti, 1935)	Cygnus cygnus	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
Linstowiidae
Atriotaenia Sandground, 1926
Atriotaenia incisa (Railliet, 1899)	Meles meles	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Mesocestoididae
Mesocestoides Vaillant, 1863
Mesocestoides lineatus (Goeze, 1782)	Canis lupus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Martes martes	Present study (A. Lavikainen, unpubl.)	-
	Meles meles	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
Meles litteratus (Batsch, 1786)	Vulpes vulpes	Freeman 1964a	-
Mesocestoides sp.	Apodemus flavicollis (l)	Present study (HH)	-
	Microtus agrestis (l)		-
	Myodes glareolus (l)	Present study (HH)	-
	Myodes rufocanus (l)	Present study (HH)	-
	Myodes rutilus (l)	Present study (HH)	-
	Sorex araneus (l)	Present study (HH)	-
Paruterinidae
Anonchotaenia Cohn, 1900
Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow, 1879)	Anthus trivialis	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Biuterina Fuhrmann, 1902
Biuterina sp.	Lanius collurio	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Cladotaenia Cohn, 1901
Cladotaenia globifera (Batsch, 1786) [Taenia cylindracea Bloch, 1782, Cladotaenia cylindracea (Bloch, 1782)]	Buteo buteo	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Buteo lagopus	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
	Myodes glareolus (l)	Tenora et al. 1983	-
Notopentorchis Burt, 1938
Notopentorchis cyathiformis (Frölich, 1791) [Taenia cyathiformis Frölich, 1791]	Apus apus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Orthoskrjabinia Spasskii, 1947
Orthoskrjabinia sp.	Picoides tridactylus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Paruterina Fuhrmann, 1906
Paruterina candelabraria (Goeze, 1782)	Aegolius funereus	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Strix uralensis	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
Paruterina parallelepipeda (Rudolphi, 1810)	Lanius collurio	Raitis 1968	ZMUT
Taeniidae
Taenia Linnaeus, 1758
Taenia arctos Haukisalmi, Lavikainen, Laaksonen & Meri, 2011	Ursus arctos	Lavikainen et al. 2011, Haukisalmi et al. 2011	USNPC 104371 (holotype), 104372 (paratype), 104373–104375, MZH
	Alces alces (l)	Lavikainen et al. 2010	-
Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766 [Cysticercus tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1810]	Canis lupus	Lavikainen et al. 2011	MZH
	Alces alces (l)	Lampio 1946	MZH
	Ovis aries (l)	Raitis 1968, Lavikainen et al. 2008	ZMUT
	Rangifer tarandus (l)	Lavikainen et al. 2008	-
	Sus scrofa, domestic (l)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 [Cysticercus tarandi Villot, 1883]	Canis lupus	Lavikainen et al. 2011	MZH
	Rangifer tarandus (l)	Rahkio and Korkeala 1989	-
Taenia laticollis Rudolphi, 1819	Lynx lynx	Lampio 1946, Lavikainen et al. 2013, Deksne et al. 2013	MZH
Taenia martis (Zeder, 1803)	Myodes glareolus (l)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
	Myodes rutilus (l)	Wiger et al. 1976	-
Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780) [Taenia serrata Goeze, 1782, Cysticercus pisiformis Zeder, 1803]	Canis lupus familiaris	Lahermaa 1944, Lampio 1950	-
	Lepus europaeus (l)	Lampio 1946	-
	Lepus timidus (l)	Lahermaa 1944, Lampio 1946	MZH
Taenia polyacantha Leuckart, 1856	Vulpes vulpes	Freeman 1964a, Lavikainen et al. 2008	-
	Microtus levis (l)	Present study (HH)	-
	Microtus oeconomus (l)	Lavikainen et al. 2008	-
	Myodes glareolus (l)	Haukisalmi and Henttonen 1993, Lavikainen et al. 2008	USNPC 94887, 108005
	Myodes rutilus (l)	Wiger et al. 1976	-
Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 [Cysticercus bovis Cobbold, 1866, Cysticercus inermis, Taenia mediocanellata Küchenmeister, 1852]	Homo sapiens	Pippingsköld 1869, Sievers 1905	MZH
	Bos taurus (l)	Niemiaho 1964	MZH
Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758 [Cysticercus cellulosae (Gmelin, 1790)]	Homo sapiens	Sievers 1903, 1905	MZH
	Homo sapiens (l)	Saltzman 1868, Sievers 1905	-
Taenia sp.	Lynx lynx	Lavikainen et al. 2013	MZH
	Alces alces (l)	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
	Capreolus capreolus (l)	Present study (EVIRA)	MZH
Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816
Hydatigera taeniaeformis (Batsch, 1786) s.l. [Taenia taeniaeformis Batsch, 1786, Taenia crassicollis Rudolphi, 1810, Cysticercus fasciolaris Rudolphi, 1808]	Felis silvestris catus	Lavikainen et al. 2008	MZH
	Lynx lynx	Lavikainen et al. 2013	MZH
	Apodemus flavicollis (l)	Tenora et al. 1983	-
	Microtus agrestis (l)	Tenora et al. 1983, Haukisalmi et al. 1994	-
	Myodes rutilus (l)	Wiger et al. 1976	-
	Ondatra zibethicus (l)	Helminen 1957, Tenora et al. 1985b	MZH
	Rattus norvegicus (l)	Present study (MZH)	MZH
Versteria Nakao, Lavikainen, Iwaki, Haukisalmi, Konyaev, Oku, Okamoto & Ito, 2013
Versteria mustelae (Gmelin, 1790) [Taenia mustelae Gmelin, 1790, Taenia tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1819]	Lutra lutra (l)	Present study (EVIRA)	-
	Microtus agrestis (l)	Tenora et al. 1983	-
	Microtus oeconomus (l)	Tenora et al. 1983	-
	Myodes glareolus (l)	Tenora et al. 1983, Lavikainen et al. 2008	USNPC 108061, 108070, 108076, 108080, 108085, 108092, 108104, 108111
	Myodes rufocanus (l)	Tenora et al. 1983, Lavikainen et al. 2008	-
	Myodes rutilus (l)	Tenora et al. 1983, Lavikainen et al. 2008	-
Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801
Echinococcus canadensis (Cameron, 1960) [Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786)]	Canis lupus	Hirvelä-Koski et al. 2003	-
	Alces alces (l)	Lavikainen et al. 2003	-
	Rangifer tarandus (l)	Lavikainen et al. 2003	-
	Homo sapiens (l)	Oksanen and Lavikainen in press, Hämäläinen et al., unpubl.
Echinococcus equinus Williams & Sweatman, 1963	Equus caballus (l)	Saarma et al. 2009	-
Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) s.l.	Homo sapiens (l)	Sievers 1889, 1905, Fagerlund 1890, Schulten 1890, Faltin 1914	MZH
Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) s.s.	Homo sapiens (l)	Lavikainen 2005	-
Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863	Homo sapiens (l)	Present study (A. Lavikainen, unpubl.)	-

B.

Host species and their tapeworms

CYCLOSTOMATA (jawless fishes, ympyräsuiset)

Petromyzontidae (northern lampreys, nahkiaiset)

Lampetra fluviatilis (lamprey, nahkiainen)

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

ACTINOPTERYGII (ray-finned fishes, viuhkaeväiset kalat)

Siluridae (catfishes, monnit)

Silurus glanis (wels catfish, monni)

*Glanitaenia osculata

Percidae (percids, ahvenet)

Gymnocephalus cernuus (ruffe, kiiski)

Diphyllobothrium latum (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Proteocephalus cernuae

Perca fluviatilis (European perch, ahven)

Diphyllobothrium latum (l)

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Proteocephalus percae

Zoarcidae (eelpouts, kivinilkat)

Zoarces viviparus (viviparous eelpout, kivinilkka)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Gobiidae (gobies, tokot)

Pomatoschistus minutus (sand goby, hietatokko)

Proteocephalus gobiorum

Anguillidae (freshwater eels, ankeriaat)

Anguilla anguilla (European eel, ankerias)

Bothriocephalus claviceps

Proteocephalus macrocephalus

Esocidae (pikes, hauet)

Esox lucius (northern pike, hauki)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium latum (l)

Triaenophorus crassus

Triaenophorus nodulosus/Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Pleuronectidae (flounders, oikeasilmäkampelat)

Platichtys flesus (European flounder, kampela)

Diplocotyle olrikii

Scophthalmidae (turbots, piikkikampelat)

Scophthalmus maximus (turbot, piikkikampela)

Bothriocephalus scorpii

Cyprinidae (cyprinids, särkikalat)

Abramis brama (bream, lahna)

Caryophyllaeus laticeps

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Abramis ballerus (blue bream, sulkava)

Proteocephalus torulosus

Alburnus alburnus (common bleak, salakka)

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Proteocephalus torulosus

Blicca bjoerkna (silver bream, pasuri)

*Caryophyllaeides fennica

Caryophyllaeus laticeps

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Carassius carassius (crucian carp, ruutana)

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Khawia rossittensis

Leuciscus idus (ide, säyne)

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Proteocephalus torulosus

Leuciscus leuciscus (common dace, seipi)

Caryophyllaeus laticeps

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Proteocephalus torulosus

Phoxinus phoxinus (Eurasian minnow, mutu)

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Rutilus rutilus (common roach, särki)

Caryophyllaeus laticeps

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Ligula intestinalis (l)

Proteocephalus torulosus

Scardinius erythrophtalmus (common rudd, sorva)

Caryophyllaeides fennica

Osmeridae (smelts, kuoreet)

Osmerus eperlanus (European smelt, kuore)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Proteocephalus tetrastomus

Salmonidae (salmonids, lohet)

Coregonus lavaretus (European whitefish, siika)

Cyathocephalus truncatus

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Eubothrium crassum

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

Proteocephalus longicollis

Coregonus albula (vendace, muikku)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

Proteocephalus longicollis

Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon, lohi)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Eubothrium crassum

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Salmo trutta (brown trout, taimen)

Cyathocephalus truncatus

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Eubothrium crassum

Eubothrium salvelini

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Salvelinus alpinus (Arctic char, nieriä)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Eubothrium salvelini

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

Proteocephalus longicollis

Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout, kirjolohi)

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

Thymallus thymallus (grayling, harjus)

*Cyathocephalus truncatus

Triaenophorus crassus (l)

Proteocephalus thymalli

Clupeidae (clupeids, sillit)

Clupea harengus membras (Baltic herring, silakka)

Eubothrium crassum

Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks, piikkikalat)

Gasterosteus aculeatus (three-spined stickleback, kolmipiikki)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Schistocephalus solidus (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Proteocephalus filicollis

Pungitius pungitius (ninespine stickleback, kymmenpiikki)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Schistocephalus pungitii (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Proteocephalus ambiguus

Cottidae (cottids, simput)

Cottus gobio (bullhead, kivisimppu)

Schistocephalus cotti (l)

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Myoxocephalus scorpius (shorthorn sculpin, isosimppu)

Bothriocephalus scorpii

Proteocephalus gobiorum

Triglopsis quadricornis (fourhorn sculpin, härkäsimppu)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Bothriocephalus scorpii

Proteocephalus gobiorum

Taurulus bubalis (long-spined bullhead, piikkisimppu)

Bothriocephalus scorpii

Lotidae (lings, mateet)

Lota lota (burbot, made)

Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (l)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum (l)

Diphyllobothrium latum (l)

Eubothrium rugosum

Triaenophorus nodulosus (l)

Gadidae (cods, turskakalat)

Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod, turska)

Diplocotyle olrikii

*Abothrium gadi

AVES (birds, linnut)

Anseriformes (waterfowl, sorsalinnut)

Anas acuta (northern pintail, jouhisorsa)

Drepanidolepis spinulosa

Diorchis inflata

Diorchis stefanskii

Drepanidolepis anatina

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus abortiva

Microsomacanthus arcuata

Microsomacanthus collaris

Microsomacanthus paracompressa

Retinometra macracanthos

Sobolevicanthus dafilae

Anas clypeata (northern shoveler, lapasorsa)

Diorchis ransomi

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus arcuata

Microsomacanthus collaris

Microsomacanthus compressa

Sobolevicanthus gracilis

Anas crecca (common teal, tavi)

Drepanidolepis spinulosa

Aploparaksis furcigera

Dicranotaenia coronula

Diorchis elisae

Diorchis stefanskii

Diorchis ransomi

Drepanidolepis anatina

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus arcuata

Microsomacanthus collaris

Microsomacanthus compressa

Microsomacanthus paracompressa

Sobolevicanthus dafilae

Sobolevicanthus octacanthus

Sobolevicanthus gracilis

Sobolevicanthus krabbeella

Anas penelope (Eurasian wigeon, haapana)

Drepanidolepis spinulosa

Aploparaksis furcigera

Dicranotaenia coronula

Diorchis stefanskii

Diorchis asiatica

Diploposthe laevis

Drepanidolepis anatina

Drepanidotaenia lanceolata

Microsomacanthus compressa

Retinometra macracanthos

Anas platyrhynchos (mallard, sinisorsa)

Drepanidolepis spinulosa

Aploparaksis furcigera

Dicranotaenia coronula

Diorchis elisae

Diorchis inflata

Diorchis stefanskii

Diorchis ransomi

Drepanidolepis anatina

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus collaris

Microsomacanthus paracompressa

Retinometra macracanthos

Sobolevicanthus octacanthus

Sobolevicanthus gracilis

Anas querquedula (garganey, heinätavi)

Aploparaksis furcigera

Diorchis elisae

Diorchis stefanskii

Drepanidotaenia lanceolata

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Sobolevicanthus octacanthus

Anser fabalis (bean goose, metsähanhi)

Wardium creplini

Aythya ferina (common pochard, punasotka)

Diploposthe laevis

Microsomacanthus collaris

Aythya fuligula (tufted duck, tukkasotka)

Drepanidolepis spinulosa

Aploparaksis furcigera

Dicranotaenia coronula

Diorchis elisae

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus arcuata

Microsomacanthus compressa

Microsomacanthus paracompressa

Sobolevicanthus dafilae

Sobolevicanthus octacanthus

Sobolevicanthus gracilis

Sobolevicanthus krabbeella

Aythya marila (greater scaup, lapasotka)

Microsomacanthus compressa

Retinometra macracanthos

Bucephala clangula (common goldeneye, telkkä)

Schistocephalus solidus

Aploparaksis furcigera

Dicranotaenia coronula

Cygnus cygnus (whooper swan, laulujoutsen)

Wardoides nyrocae

Melanitta fusca (velvet scoter, pilkkasiipi)

Drepanidolepis sp. 1

Drepanidolepis sp. 2

Dicranotaenia coronula

Mergus merganser (common merganser, isokoskelo)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum

Confluaria multistriata?

Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Ligula intestinalis

Tschertkovilepis tenuirostris

Mergus serrator (red-breasted merganser, tukkakoskelo)

Ligula intestinalis

Schistocephalus solidus

*Fimbriaria fasciolaris

*Sobolevicanthus gracilis

Somateria mollissima (common eider, haahka)

*Fimbriaria fasciolaris

Microsomacanthus diorchis

Microsomacanthus microsoma

Microsomacanthus paramicrosoma

Galliformes (gamebirds, kanalinnut)

Lagopus lagopus (willow ptarmigan, riekko)

Paroniella urogalli

Skrjabinia cesticillus

Hymenolepis (s.l.) sp.

Lyrurus tetrix (black grouse, teeri)

Paroniella urogalli

Skrjabinia cesticillus

Hymenolepis (s.l.) sp.

Perdix perdix (grey partridge, peltopyy)

Paroniella urogalli

Tetrao urogallus (western capercaillie,metso)

Paroniella urogalli

Skrjabinia cesticillus

Hymenolepis (s.l.) sp.

Tetrastes bonasia (hazel grouse, pyy)

Paroniella urogalli

Skrjabinia cesticillus

Hymenolepis (s.l.) sp.

Gaviiformes (loons/divers, kuikkalinnut)

Gavia arctica (black-throated loon/diver, kuikka)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum

Ligula intestinalis

Biglandatrium biglandatrium

Dubininolepis rostellata

Gavia stellata (red-throated loon/diver, kaakkuri)

Dubininolepis rostellata

Neovalipora parvispine

Tethrabothrius macrocephalus

Tetrabothrius mawsoni

Podicipediformes (grebes, uikkulinnut)

Podiceps cristatus (great crested grebe, silkkiuikku)

Ligula intestinalis

Tetrabothrius macrocephalus

Tetrabothrius mawsoni

Confluaria pseudofurcifera

Podiceps grisegena (red-necked grebe, härkälintu)

Confluaria furcifera

Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants etc., pelikaanilinnut)

Phalacrocorax carbo (great cormorant, merimetso)

Ligula intestinalis

Accipitriformes (hawks and eagles, päiväpetolinnut)

Buteo buteo (common buzzard, hiirihaukka)

Cladotaenia globifera

Buteo lagopus (rough-legged buzzard, piekana)

Cladotaenia globifera

Charadriiformes (shorebirds, rantalinnut)

Actitis hypoleucos (common sandpiper, rantasipi)

*Anomotaenia arionis

*Kowalewskiella cingulifera

Arenaria interpres (ruddy turnstone, karikukko)

Schistocephalus solidus

Calidris alpina (dunlin, suosirri)

*Sacciuterina paradoxa

Aploparaksis crassirostris

Cepphus grylle (black guillemot, riskilä)

*Alcataenia campylacantha

Tethrabothrius macrocephalus

Charadrius hiaticula (common ringed plover, tylli)

*Anomoatenia microrhyncha

Larus argentatus (European herring gull, harmaalokki)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum

Ligula intestinalis

Tetrabothrius mawsoni

Larus canus (common gull, kalalokki)

Alcataenia larina

Larus fuscus (lesser black-backed gull, selkälokki)

Ligula intestinalis

Limicola falcinella (broad-billed sandpiper, jänkäsirriäinen)

Aploparaksis crassirostris

Limosa lapponica (bar-tailed godwit, punakuiri)

Ophryocotyle proteus

Numenius arquata (Eurasian curlew, kuovi)

Aploparaksis filum s.l.

Dictymetra laevigata

Phalaropus lobatus (red-necked phalarope, vesipääsky)

*Dictymetra laevigata

Philomachus pugnax (ruff, suokukko)

*Anomoatenia microrhyncha

Pluvialis apricaria (European golden plover, kapustarinta)

Nototaenia brevis

Riparia riparia (sand martin, törmäpääsky)

Angularella sp.

Scolopax rusticola (Eurasian woodcock, lehtokurppa)

Anomotaenia globulus

Aploparaksis filum s.l.

Fuhrmannolepis sp.

Sacciuterina paradoxa

Tringa glareola (wood sandpiper, liro)

Trichocephaloidis sp.

Aploparaksis crassirostris

Aploparaksis filum s.l.

Sterna hirundo (common tern, kalatiira)

Schistocephalus solidus

Sterna paradisaea (Arctic tern, lapintiira)

Schistocephalus solidus

Uria aalge (common murre/guillemot, etelänkiisla)

Tethrabothrius macrocephalus

Columbiformes (pigeons and doves, kyyhkylinnut)

Columba palumbus (common wood pigeon, sepelkyyhky)

Dilepis undula

Strigiformes (owls, pöllölinnut)

Strix uralensis (Ural owl, viirupöllö)

Paruterina candelabraria

Aegolius funereus (Tengmalm’s owl, helmipöllö)

Paruterina candelabraria

Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds, kirskulinnut)

Apus apus (common swift, tervapääsky)

Neoliga depressa

Notopentorchis cyathiformis

Piciformes (woodpeckers, tikkalinnut)

Dendrocopos leucotos (white-backed woodpecker, valkoselkätikka)

Liga crateriformis

Dendrocopos major (great spotted woodpecker, käpytikka)

Liga crateriformis

Dryocopus martius (black woodpecker, palokärki)

Railletina frontina

Picoides tridactylus (Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, pohjantikka)

Orthoskrjabinia sp.

Picus canus (grey-headed woodpecker, harmaapäätikka)

Liga crateriformis

Passeriformes (passerines, varpuslinnut)

Anthus trivialis (tree pipit, metsäkirvinen)

Anonchotaenia globata

Corvus corone (carrion crow, varis)

Dilepis undula

Spiniglans constricta

Passerilepis crenata

Delichon urbica (common house martin, räystäspääsky)

*Hirundinicola parvirostris

Fringilla montifringilla (brambling, järripeippo)

Monosertum parinum

Hirundo rustica (barn swallow, haarapääsky)

Hirundinicola parvirostris

Lanius collurio (red-backed shrike, pikkulepinkäinen)

Biuterina sp.

Paruterina parallelepipeda

Motacilla alba (white wagtail, västäräkki)

*Sobolevitaenia borealis

Parus major (great tit, talitiainen)

Passerilepis parina

Pica pica (magpie, harakka)

Dilepis undula

Passerilepis stylosa

Spiniglans sharpiloi

Sturnus vulgaris (common starling, kottarainen)

Wardium farciminosa

Turdus iliacus (redwing, punakylkirastas)

Dilepis undula

Passerilepis crenata

Turdus philomelos (song thrush, laulurastas)

Dilepis undula

Turdus pilaris (fieldfare, räkättirastas)

Dilepis undula

Passerilepis crenata

Turdus viscivorus (mistle thrush, kulorastas)

Dilepis undula

Passerilepis crenata

MAMMALIA (mammals, nisäkkäät)

Soricidae (shrews, päästäiset)

Sorex araneus (common/Eurasian shrew, metsäpäästäinen)

Dilepis undula

Hepatocestus hepaticus

Monocercus arionis

Ditestolepis diaphana

Gulyaevilepis tripartita

Lineolepis scutigera

Neoskrjabinolepis merkushevae

Neoskrjabinolepis schaldybini

Neoskrjabinolepis singularis

Pseudobotrialepis globosoides

Soricinia infirma

Spasskylepis ovaluteri

Staphylocystis furcata

Staphylocystoides stefanskii

Urocystis prolifer

Vigisolepis spinulosa

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Sorex caecutiens (Laxmann’s shrew, idänpäästäinen)

Monocercus arionis

Ditestolepis diaphana

Gulyaevilepis tripartita

Lineolepis scutigera

Neoskrjabinolepis merkushevae

Neoskrjabinolepis schaldybini

Neoskrjabinolepis singularis

Pseudobotrialepis globosoides

Soricinia infirma

Spasskylepis ovaluteri

Staphylocystis furcata

Vigisolepis spinulosa

Sorex minutus (Eurasian pygmy shrew, vaivaispäästäinen)

Monocercus arionis

Ditestolepis diaphana

Neoskrjabinolepis schaldybini

Pseudobotrialepis globosoides

Staphylocystoides stefanskii

Vigisolepis spinulosa

Sorex isodon (taiga shrew, mustapäästäinen)

Monocercus arionis

Ditestolepis diaphana

Ditestolepis sp.

Neoskrjabinolepis schaldybini

Vigisolepis spinulosa

Neomys fodiens (Eurasian water shrew, vesipäästäinen)

Polycercus sp.

Vigisolepis spinulosa

Vespertilionidae (vesper bats, siipat)

Eptesicus nilssoni (northern bat, pohjanlepakko)

Vampirolepis sp.

Leporidae (rabbits and hares, jänikset)

Lepus europaeus (European hare, rusakko)

Mosgovoyia pectinata

Taenia pisiformis (l)

Lepus timidus (mountain hare, metsäjänis)

Mosgovoyia pectinata

Taenia pisiformis (l)

Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit, kani)

Neoctenotaenia ctenoides

Muridae (Old World rats and mice, rottaeläimet)

Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked mouse, metsähiiri)

Hymenolepis cf. diminuta

Rodentolepis fraterna

Skrjabinotaenia lobata

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Micromys minutus (harvest mouse, vaivaishiiri)

Nomadolepis sp.

Mus musculus (house mouse, kotihiiri)

Catenotaenia pusilla

Rattus norvegicus (brown rat, isorotta)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Cricetidae (cricetids, hamsterit ja myyrät)

Arvicola amphibius (European water vole, vesimyyrä)

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata

Eurotaenia gracilis

Paranoplocephala omphalodes

Lemmus lemmus (Norwegian lemming, tunturisopuli)

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata

Eurotaenia gracilis

Lemminia fellmani

Microtus agrestis (field vole, peltomyyrä)

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata

Eurotaenia gracilis

Microcephaloides cf. variabilis

Microticola blanchardi

Paranoplocephala omphalodes

Hymenolepis (s.l.) asymmetrica

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Microtus levis (East European vole, idänkenttämyyrä)

Paranoplocephala omphalodes

Taenia polyacantha (l)

Microtus oeconomus (root vole/tundra vole, lapinmyyrä)

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata

Eurotaenia gracilis

Microcephaloides cf. variabilis

Microticola blanchardi

Paranoplocephala jarrelli

Taenia polyacantha (l)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Myodes glareolus (bank vole, metsämyyrä)

Eurotaenia gracilis

Paranoplocephala omphalodes

Paranoplocephala kalelai

Catenotaenia henttoneni

Cladotaenia globifera (l)

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Taenia martis (l)

Taenia polyacantha (l)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Myodes rufocanus (grey-sided vole, harmaakuvemyyrä)

Anoplocephaloides cf. dentata

Eurotaenia gracilis

Microcephaloides cf. variabilis

Paranoplocephala kalelai

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Myodes rutilus (red vole/northern red-backed vole, punamyyrä)

Eurotaenia gracilis

Paranoplocephala kalelai

Catenotaenia henttoneni

Mesocestoides lineatus (l)

Taenia martis (l)

Taenia polyacantha (l)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat, piisami)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l. (l)

Sciuridae (squirrels, oravat)

Sciurus vulgaris (Eurasian red squirrel, orava)

Catenotaenia dendritica

Felidae (cats, kissaeläimet)

Felis catus (domestic cat, kissa)

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l.

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx, ilves)

Spirometra sp.

Taenia laticollis

Taenia sp.

Hydatigera taeniaeformis s.l.

Mustelidae (mustelids, näätäeläimet)

Lutra lutra (otter, saukko)

Versteria mustelae (l)

Martes martes (European pine marten, näätä)

Mesocestoides lineatus

Meles meles (European badger, mäyrä)

Atriotaenia incisa

Mesocestoides lineatus

Canidae (canids, koiraeläimet)

Canis lupus (wolf, susi)

Mesocestoides lineatus

Taenia hydatigena

Taenia krabbei

Echinococcus canadensis

Canis lupus familiaris (dog, koira)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Dipylidium caninum

Taenia pisiformis

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog, supikoira)

Polycercus sp.

Vulpes vulpes (red fox, kettu)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Mesocestoides litteratus

Taenia polyacantha

Ursidae (bears, karhut)

Ursus arctos (brown bear, karhu)

Taenia arctos

Phocidae (true seals, hylkeet)

Pusa hispida saimensis (Saimaa ringed seal, saimaannorppa)

Diphyllobothrium ditremum

Triaenophorus nodulosus

Pusa hispida botnica (Baltic ringed seal, itämerennorppa)

Schistocephalus solidus

Equidae (horses, hevoset)

Equus caballus (horse, hevonen)

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Echinococcus equinus (l)

Cervidae (deer, hirvieläimet)

Alces alces (Eurasian elk/moose, hirvi)

Moniezia expansa

Taenia arctos (l)

Taenia hydatigena (l)

Taenia sp. (l)

Echinococcus canadensis (l)

Capreolus capreolus (European roe deer, metsäkauris)

Taenia sp. (l)

Rangifer tarandus (reindeer, poro/peura)

Moniezia cf. benedeni

Taenia krabbei (l)

Echinococcus canadensis (l)

Bovidae (cloven-hoofed mammals, onttosarviset)

Ovis aries (sheep, lammas)

*Moniezia expansa

Taenia hydatigena (l)

Bos taurus (cow/cattle, lehmä/nauta)

Moniezia benedeni

Taenia saginata (l)

Suidae (pigs, siat)

Sus scrofa (domestic pig, sika)

Taenia hydatigena (l)

Hominidae (great apes, isot ihmisapinat)

Homo sapiens (man, ihminen)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium/Taenia solium (l)

Echinococcus granulosus (l)

Echinococcus multilocularis (l)