Stefani Schwartz1, Summer Schultz2, Aubrey Reider3, Erika F H Saunders4. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States. Electronic address: sschwartz1@hmc.psu.edu. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States. Electronic address: sschultz1@hmc.psu.edu. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States. Electronic address: areider@hmc.psu.edu. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, United States; University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Michigan Depression Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States. Electronic address: esaunders@hmc.psu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Personal device technology has facilitated gathering data in real-time using Ecological momentary assessment (EMA). We hypothesized that using smartphones to measure symptoms in auto-generated surveys twice a day would be feasible in a group with bipolar disorder (BD). A second exploratory objective of this study was to compare potential differences in core symptoms between BD and healthy control (HC) groups. METHODS: A two-arm, parallel group, observational study was designed to measure completion rates of surveys of symptoms of mood, energy, speed of thought, impulsivity, and social stress in BD (N=10) and HC (N=10) participants. The surveys were auto-generated twice a day for fourteen days, and subjects could also perform self-generated surveys. Completion rates were compared between BD and HC groups. Scores were averaged for each participant over the 14 day period, and group medians were compared. RESULTS: Median completion rates did not differ between groups: 95% in BD, 88% in HC (p=0.68); the median completion rate of auto-generated surveys in the BD group was 79% and in the HC group was 71% (p=0.22). The BD group had significantly lower median mood score (p=0.043) and energy score (p=0.007) than the HC group. Median scores of speed of thoughts (p=0.739), impulsivity (p=0.123) and social stress (p=0.056) did not significantly differ between BD and HC. The BD group had significantly higher range of variability of group median mood (p=0.043), speed of thoughts (p=0.002) and impulsivity (p=0.005) scores over the course of 14 days than HC, while range of variability of energy (p=0.218) and social stress (p=0.123) scores did not differ. Results were not significantly different between auto-generated and self-generated surveys for BD or HC. LIMITATIONS: This pilot study was conducted for a short time and with a small sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates feasibility of using EMA with a smartphone to gather data on BD symptoms.
BACKGROUND: Personal device technology has facilitated gathering data in real-time using Ecological momentary assessment (EMA). We hypothesized that using smartphones to measure symptoms in auto-generated surveys twice a day would be feasible in a group with bipolar disorder (BD). A second exploratory objective of this study was to compare potential differences in core symptoms between BD and healthy control (HC) groups. METHODS: A two-arm, parallel group, observational study was designed to measure completion rates of surveys of symptoms of mood, energy, speed of thought, impulsivity, and social stress in BD (N=10) and HC (N=10) participants. The surveys were auto-generated twice a day for fourteen days, and subjects could also perform self-generated surveys. Completion rates were compared between BD and HC groups. Scores were averaged for each participant over the 14 day period, and group medians were compared. RESULTS: Median completion rates did not differ between groups: 95% in BD, 88% in HC (p=0.68); the median completion rate of auto-generated surveys in the BD group was 79% and in the HC group was 71% (p=0.22). The BD group had significantly lower median mood score (p=0.043) and energy score (p=0.007) than the HC group. Median scores of speed of thoughts (p=0.739), impulsivity (p=0.123) and social stress (p=0.056) did not significantly differ between BD and HC. The BD group had significantly higher range of variability of group median mood (p=0.043), speed of thoughts (p=0.002) and impulsivity (p=0.005) scores over the course of 14 days than HC, while range of variability of energy (p=0.218) and social stress (p=0.123) scores did not differ. Results were not significantly different between auto-generated and self-generated surveys for BD or HC. LIMITATIONS: This pilot study was conducted for a short time and with a small sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates feasibility of using EMA with a smartphone to gather data on BD symptoms.
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