Economic Burden of Prescription Opioid Misuse and Abuse: A Systematic Review.

A 2009 systematic review found that the total cost of prescription opioid abuse in 2001 in the United States was approximately $8.6 billion and medical expenses were estimated to be $15,884 for opioid abusers and $1,830 for nonabusers. A search was conducted for English publications on the cost of prescription opioid abuse and misuse from 2009 to 2014. The initial literature search identified 5,412 citations. Title and abstract review selected 59 for further review. The final review process resulted in 16 publications for inclusion that examined cost from the payer perspective. Mean costs to the payer for abusers were $23,000-$25,000 per year and excess costs approximately $15,000 per patient. Three papers were identified that presented societal costs, including direct and indirect costs such as criminal justice costs and costs associated with lost productivity. The strongest evidence suggests that societal cost is in excess of $50 billion per year in the United States. Prescription opioid abuse and misuse is a common and important problem throughout the world that has significant associated societal costs and excess medical costs.