Driving change: kidney proximal tubule CSF-1 polarizes macrophages.

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1 or M-CSF) is important for kidney repair after acute kidney injury (AKI). CSF-1 is upregulated in tubule epithelial cells in response to kidney injury stimuli and binds to its sole receptor, CSF1R, in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Wang and colleagues used a genetic approach to constitutively delete Csf1 in proximal tubules to establish that proximal tubule production of CSF-1 is important for polarizing and skewing macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, and for recovery from AKI.