Fast Electrically Driven Capillary Rise Using Overdrive Voltage.

Enhancement of response speed (or reduction of response time) is crucial for the commercialization of devices based on electrowetting (EW), such as liquid lenses and reflective displays, and presents one of the main challenges in EW research studies. We demonstrate here that an overdrive EW actuation gives rise to a faster rise of a liquid column between parallel electrodes, compared to a DC EW actuation. Here, DC actuation is actually a simple applied step function, and overdrive is an applied step followed by reduction to a lower voltage. Transient behaviors and response time (i.e., the time required to reach the equilibrium height) of the rising liquid column are explored under different DC and overdrive EW actuations. When the liquid column rises up to a target height by means of an overdrive EW, the response time is reduced to as low as 1/6 of the response time using DC EW. We develop a theoretical model to simulate the EW-driven capillary rise by combining the kinetic equation of capillary flow (i.e., Lucas-Washburn equation) and the dynamic contact angle model considering contact line friction, contact angle hysteresis, contact angle saturation, and the EW effect. This theoretical model accurately predicts the outcome to within a ± 5% error in regard to the rising behaviors of the liquid column with a low viscosity, under both DC EW and overdrive actuation conditions, except for the early stage (<about 20 ms).