New Insights into the Surgical Management of Breast Cancer.

William Halstead is considered by many as the father of modern breast surgery. He popularized the notion that breast cancer progresses in an orderly fashion and that appropriately timed radical surgery can interrupt this progression to save lives. This view dominated for nearly 100 years and still persists to one extent or another in the minds of physicians and patients alike. Rapid advances in breast cancer biology have highlighted the heterogeneity of breast cancer and paradigm-shifting clinical trials have successfully challenged prevailing wisdom to effect a seed change in breast cancer surgery. Advances in radiation and systemic therapies permit more limited surgery for most patients. Recurrence rates of all kinds are on the decline; yet, paradoxically, use of bilateral mastectomy is increasing.