Effects of phycocyanin on INS-1 pancreatic β-cell mediated by PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.

The level of methylglyoxal (MG), which is a side-product of metabolic pathways, particularly in glycolysis, is elevated in diabetes. Notably, the accumulation of MG causes a series of pathological changes. Phycocyanin (PC) has been demonstrated to show insulin-sensitizing effect, however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of PC on INS-1 rat insulinoma β-cell against MG-induced cell dysfunction, as well as the underlying mechanisms. PC was preliminarily verified to time-dependently activate PI3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, but the PI3K-specific inhibitor Wortmannin blocked the effect of PC. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was impaired in MG-treated INS-1 cells. Furthermore, MG induced dephosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1, resulting in nuclear localization and transactivation of FoxO1. Nevertheless, these effects were all effectively attenuated by PC. The ameliorated insulin secretion was related to the changes of FoxO1 mediated by PC, which demonstrated by RNA interference. And, the dosage used in the above experiments did not affect β-cell viability and apoptosis, although long-term MG induced cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, PC was capable to protect INS-1 pancreatic β-cell against MG-induced cell dysfunction through modulating PI3K/Akt pathway and the downstream FoxO1.