Prognostic Role of Cell Cycle and Proliferative Markers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

The cell cycle is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of cellular growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of this pathway is thought to be the first step in carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), important for tumor invasion and metastases. Multiple different parts and regulators of the cell cycle are detectable via assays like immunohistochemistry and have been studied extensively. This review aims to provide an overview of current data regarding individual cell cycle and proliferative markers and their association with clinicopathologic parameters and their impact on prognosis for patients with RCC. Furthermore, the value of marker combinations is discussed.