OBJECTIVES: Appropriate use of specialized tests to assess chest pain is based classically on minimal information such as age, gender and the patient's description of pain. This approach has not been reevaluated in decades. We examined the relationship between history, examination and routine laboratory tests to identify factors warranting prospective validation as predictors of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Studies linking obstructive CAD (≥50% diameter stenosis of at least one vessel by invasive angiography or cardiac computed tomographic angiography) and elements of history, examination and laboratory tests were identified. RESULTS: Forty-one prospectively identified papers were analyzed. Advanced age, gender and chest pain descriptors were extremely important, although the last was less so in women, in whom the presence of risk factors may be more important. Physical examination and chest X-ray were largely noncontributory. Laboratory tests were of variable utility other than to identify risk factors not already known from the history. However, biomarkers such as troponin, brain natriuretic factor and inflammatory markers were promising. The electrocardiogram was mainly important for the identification of ST-T abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: This review identifies the most promising factors warranting prospective validation for improving the pretest probability estimation of CAD, so appropriate use criteria for the utilization of specialized diagnostic tests can be updated and improved.
OBJECTIVES: Appropriate use of specialized tests to assess chest pain is based classically on minimal information such as age, gender and the patient's description of pain. This approach has not been reevaluated in decades. We examined the relationship between history, examination and routine laboratory tests to identify factors warranting prospective validation as predictors of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Studies linking obstructive CAD (≥50% diameter stenosis of at least one vessel by invasive angiography or cardiac computed tomographic angiography) and elements of history, examination and laboratory tests were identified. RESULTS: Forty-one prospectively identified papers were analyzed. Advanced age, gender and chest pain descriptors were extremely important, although the last was less so in women, in whom the presence of risk factors may be more important. Physical examination and chest X-ray were largely noncontributory. Laboratory tests were of variable utility other than to identify risk factors not already known from the history. However, biomarkers such as troponin, brain natriuretic factor and inflammatory markers were promising. The electrocardiogram was mainly important for the identification of ST-T abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: This review identifies the most promising factors warranting prospective validation for improving the pretest probability estimation of CAD, so appropriate use criteria for the utilization of specialized diagnostic tests can be updated and improved.