Ni Fan1, Yayan Luo2, Ke Xu3, Minling Zhang2, Xiaoyin Ke4, Xini Huang2, Yi Ding2, Daping Wang2, Yuping Ning2, Xuefeng Deng5, Hongbo He2. 1. Guangzhou Brain Hospital (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China. Electronic address: fanni2005@126.com. 2. Guangzhou Brain Hospital (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT, USA. 4. Guangzhou Brain Hospital (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), 36 Mingxin Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510370, China; Shenzhen Mental Health Center, 1080 Cuizhu Rd., Luohu District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China. 5. Guangzhou Baiyun Voluntary Drug Rehabilitation Hospital, 586 North of Baiyun Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Exposing to NMDAR receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, produces schizophrenia-like symptoms in humans and deteriorates symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is associated with alterations of cytokines in the immune system. This study aims to examine the serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 levels in chronic human ketamine users as compared to healthy subjects. The correlations between the serum cytokines levels with the demographic, ketamine use characteristics and psychiatric symptoms were also assessed. METHODS: 155 subjects who fulfilled the criteria of ketamine dependence and 80 healthy control subjects were recruited. Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The psychiatric symptoms of the ketamine abusers were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: Serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher, while serum TNF-α level was significantly lower among ketamine users than among healthy controls (p<0.05). Serum TNF-α levels showed a significant negative association with PANSS total score (r=-0.210, p<0.01) and negative subscore (r=-0.300, p<0.01). No significant association was found between PANSS score and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 were altered in chronic ketamine abusers which may play a role in schizophrenia-like symptoms in chronic ketamine abusers.
OBJECTIVE: Exposing to NMDAR receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, produces schizophrenia-like symptoms in humans and deteriorates symptoms in schizophreniapatients. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is associated with alterations of cytokines in the immune system. This study aims to examine the serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 levels in chronic humanketamine users as compared to healthy subjects. The correlations between the serum cytokines levels with the demographic, ketamine use characteristics and psychiatric symptoms were also assessed. METHODS: 155 subjects who fulfilled the criteria of ketamine dependence and 80 healthy control subjects were recruited. Serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The psychiatric symptoms of the ketamine abusers were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: Serum IL-6 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher, while serum TNF-α level was significantly lower among ketamine users than among healthy controls (p<0.05). Serum TNF-α levels showed a significant negative association with PANSS total score (r=-0.210, p<0.01) and negative subscore (r=-0.300, p<0.01). No significant association was found between PANSS score and serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 were altered in chronic ketamine abusers which may play a role in schizophrenia-like symptoms in chronic ketamine abusers.
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