Farid Yaghouby1, Kevin D Donohue2, Bruce F O'Hara3, Sridhar Sunderam4. 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave., Lexington, KY 40506-0108, United States. 2. Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States. 3. Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States. 4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, 143 Graham Ave., Lexington, KY 40506-0108, United States. Electronic address: ssu223@uky.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Changes in autonomic control cause regular breathing during NREM sleep to fluctuate during REM. Piezoelectric cage-floor sensors have been used to successfully discriminate sleep and wake states in mice based on signal features related to respiration and other movements. This study presents a classifier for noninvasively classifying REM and NREM using a piezoelectric sensor. NEW METHOD: Vigilance state was scored manually in 4-s epochs for 24-h EEG/EMG recordings in 20 mice. An unsupervised classifier clustered piezoelectric signal features quantifying movement and respiration into three states: one active; and two inactive with regular and irregular breathing, respectively. These states were hypothesized to correspond to Wake, NREM, and REM, respectively. States predicted by the classifier were compared against manual EEG/EMG scores to test this hypothesis. RESULTS: Using only piezoelectric signal features, an unsupervised classifier distinguished Wake with high (89% sensitivity, 96% specificity) and REM with moderate (73% sensitivity, 75% specificity) accuracy, but NREM with poor sensitivity (51%) and high specificity (96%). The classifier sometimes confused light NREM sleep - characterized by irregular breathing and moderate delta EEG power - with REM. A supervised classifier improved sensitivities to 90, 81, and 67% and all specificities to over 90% for Wake, NREM, and REM, respectively. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Unlike most actigraphic techniques, which only differentiate sleep from wake, the proposed piezoelectric method further dissects sleep based on breathing regularity into states strongly correlated with REM and NREM. CONCLUSIONS: This approach could facilitate large-sample screening for genes influencing different sleep traits, besides drug studies or other manipulations.
BACKGROUND: Changes in autonomic control cause regular breathing during NREM sleep to fluctuate during REM. Piezoelectric cage-floor sensors have been used to successfully discriminate sleep and wake states in mice based on signal features related to respiration and other movements. This study presents a classifier for noninvasively classifying REM and NREM using a piezoelectric sensor. NEW METHOD: Vigilance state was scored manually in 4-s epochs for 24-h EEG/EMG recordings in 20 mice. An unsupervised classifier clustered piezoelectric signal features quantifying movement and respiration into three states: one active; and two inactive with regular and irregular breathing, respectively. These states were hypothesized to correspond to Wake, NREM, and REM, respectively. States predicted by the classifier were compared against manual EEG/EMG scores to test this hypothesis. RESULTS: Using only piezoelectric signal features, an unsupervised classifier distinguished Wake with high (89% sensitivity, 96% specificity) and REM with moderate (73% sensitivity, 75% specificity) accuracy, but NREM with poor sensitivity (51%) and high specificity (96%). The classifier sometimes confused light NREM sleep - characterized by irregular breathing and moderate delta EEG power - with REM. A supervised classifier improved sensitivities to 90, 81, and 67% and all specificities to over 90% for Wake, NREM, and REM, respectively. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Unlike most actigraphic techniques, which only differentiate sleep from wake, the proposed piezoelectric method further dissects sleep based on breathing regularity into states strongly correlated with REM and NREM. CONCLUSIONS: This approach could facilitate large-sample screening for genes influencing different sleep traits, besides drug studies or other manipulations.
Authors: Lee Friedman; Abby Haines; Ken Klann; Laura Gallaugher; Lawrence Salibra; Fang Han; Kingman P Strohl Journal: J Appl Physiol (1985) Date: 2004-11
Authors: Aaron E Flores; Judith E Flores; Hrishikesh Deshpande; Jorge A Picazo; Xinmin Simon Xie; Paul Franken; H Craig Heller; Dennis A Grahn; Bruce F O'Hara Journal: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng Date: 2007-02 Impact factor: 4.538
Authors: Ila Mishra; Keelee B Pullum; Domnique C Thayer; Erica R Plummer; Benjamin W Conkright; Andrew J Morris; Bruce F O'Hara; Gregory E Demas; Noah T Ashley Journal: Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol Date: 2020-03-04 Impact factor: 3.619
Authors: H Kloefkorn; L M Aiani; A Lakhani; S Nagesh; A Moss; W Goolsby; J M Rehg; N P Pedersen; S Hochman Journal: J Neurosci Methods Date: 2020-06-30 Impact factor: 2.390
Authors: M J Duncan; L E Guerriero; K Kohler; L E Beechem; B D Gillis; F Salisbury; C Wessel; J Wang; S Sunderam; A D Bachstetter; B F O'Hara; M P Murphy Journal: Neuroscience Date: 2021-11-29 Impact factor: 3.590
Authors: Donald V Bradshaw; Andrew K Knutsen; Alexandru Korotcov; Genevieve M Sullivan; Kryslaine L Radomski; Bernard J Dardzinski; Xiaomei Zi; Dennis P McDaniel; Regina C Armstrong Journal: Acta Neuropathol Commun Date: 2021-05-17 Impact factor: 7.801
Authors: Aaro V Salminen; Alessandro Silvani; Richard P Allen; Stefan Clemens; Diego Garcia-Borreguero; Imad Ghorayeb; Sergi Ferré; Yuqing Li; William Ondo; Daniel L Picchietti; David Rye; Jerome M Siegel; John W Winkelman; Mauro Manconi Journal: Mov Disord Date: 2020-12-31 Impact factor: 10.338