BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was a commonly amplified oncogene in lung cancer. However, the precise role of TRAF6 protein in lung cancer has not been extensively investigated. This study analyzed the effects of TRAF6 on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion capability of lung cancer cell lines, as well as the potential molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS: To address the expression of TRAF6 in lung cancer cells, four lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1650, SPC-A-1 and Calu-3) were assayed to determine the expression of TRAF6 protein by Western blot and TRAF6 mRNA via qRT-PCR. Moreover, siRNA targeting TRAF6 was introduced into SPC-A-1 and Calu-3 cells. Nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB) DNA-binding activity, apoptosis rates, cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, flow cytometry, MTS assay, flow cytometry, scratch test, and transwell chamber assay, respectively. Western blot analysis was also performed to evaluate the expression of the following proteins through K63-ubiquitination: P65, CD24 and CXCR4. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was conducted using a second-generation sequencer in SPC-A-1 cells. RESULTS: TRAF6 was highly up-expressed in SPC-A-1 and Calu-3 cell lines than the other two cells, which also showed K63-ubiquitinization in TRAF6. However, constitutive activation of NF-қB was observed only in SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells. Downregulation of TRAF6 suppressed the NF-κB activation, cell migration, and invasion but promoted the cell apoptosis of SPC-A-1 cells. Markedly decreased expression of CD24 and CXCR4 was observed in SPC-A-1 cells transfected by TRAF6 siRNA. Nevertheless, TRAF6 downregulation did not affect the proliferation and cell cycle of SPC-A-1 cells. Additionally, TRAF6 regulation did not affect the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion of Calu-3 cells. No mutations and no changes in gene copy numbers of TRAF6 were found by whole-exome sequencing of SPC-A-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: TRAF6 may be involved in cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis of SPC-A-1 cells, possibly through regulating the NF-қB-CD24/CXCR4 pathway. .
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was a commonly amplified oncogene in lung cancer. However, the precise role of TRAF6 protein in lung cancer has not been extensively investigated. This study analyzed the effects of TRAF6 on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion capability of lung cancer cell lines, as well as the potential molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS: To address the expression of TRAF6 in lung cancer cells, four lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1650, SPC-A-1 and Calu-3) were assayed to determine the expression of TRAF6 protein by Western blot and TRAF6 mRNA via qRT-PCR. Moreover, siRNA targeting TRAF6 was introduced into SPC-A-1 and Calu-3 cells. Nuclear factor-қB (NF-қB) DNA-binding activity, apoptosis rates, cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, flow cytometry, MTS assay, flow cytometry, scratch test, and transwell chamber assay, respectively. Western blot analysis was also performed to evaluate the expression of the following proteins through K63-ubiquitination: P65, CD24 and CXCR4. Whole-genome sequencing analysis was conducted using a second-generation sequencer in SPC-A-1 cells. RESULTS:TRAF6 was highly up-expressed in SPC-A-1 and Calu-3 cell lines than the other two cells, which also showed K63-ubiquitinization in TRAF6. However, constitutive activation of NF-қB was observed only in SPC-A-1 lung cancer cells. Downregulation of TRAF6 suppressed the NF-κB activation, cell migration, and invasion but promoted the cell apoptosis of SPC-A-1 cells. Markedly decreased expression of CD24 and CXCR4 was observed in SPC-A-1 cells transfected by TRAF6 siRNA. Nevertheless, TRAF6 downregulation did not affect the proliferation and cell cycle of SPC-A-1 cells. Additionally, TRAF6 regulation did not affect the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion of Calu-3 cells. No mutations and no changes in gene copy numbers of TRAF6 were found by whole-exome sequencing of SPC-A-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS:TRAF6 may be involved in cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis of SPC-A-1 cells, possibly through regulating the NF-қB-CD24/CXCR4 pathway. .
TRAF6 expression, TRAF6 K63-ubiquitin and NF-қB constitutive activation in four lung cancer cell lines. A: TRAF6 expression of four lung cancer cell lines. Cytoplasmic lysates were analyzed by Western blot and β-actin was used as a loading control. B: K63-ubiquitination of TRAF6 in four lung cancer cell lines. Calu-3 and SPC-A-1 cells showed K63-ubiquitinization on the loacation of TRAF6 kDa in Western blot. C: Expression of nuclear NF-қB-P65 in four lung cancer cell lines. Nuclear lysates were analyzed by Western blot analysis. β-actin (cytoplasmic) and Lamin B (nuclear) were used to determine purity and as a loading control. D: DNA-binding activity of NF-қB-P65 in four lung cancer cell lines. Nuclear lysates were analyzed by EMSA. TRAF6: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; NF-қB: nuclear factor-κB.
4种肺癌细胞株TRAF6表达、K-63泛素化以及NF-қB组成性活化情况。A:4种肺癌细胞株TRAF6蛋白表达。提取细胞总蛋白,以蛋白印迹方法检测TRAF6,β-actin作为内参。B:四种肺癌细胞株的泛素化。Calu-3和SPC-A-1细胞株在TRAF6蛋白电泳位置显示K63泛素化,提示TRAF6很可能发生泛素化。C:4种肺癌细胞株NF-қB-P65细胞核表达情况。提取细胞核蛋白进行蛋白印迹检测,以β-actin、Lamina作为判断细胞核蛋白提取质量及内参照。D:4种肺癌细胞株NF-қB-P65的DNA结合活性。提取细胞核蛋白进行EMSA检测。TRAF6 expression, TRAF6 K63-ubiquitin and NF-қB constitutive activation in four lung cancer cell lines. A: TRAF6 expression of four lung cancer cell lines. Cytoplasmic lysates were analyzed by Western blot and β-actin was used as a loading control. B: K63-ubiquitination of TRAF6 in four lung cancer cell lines. Calu-3 and SPC-A-1 cells showed K63-ubiquitinization on the loacation of TRAF6 kDa in Western blot. C: Expression of nuclear NF-қB-P65 in four lung cancer cell lines. Nuclear lysates were analyzed by Western blot analysis. β-actin (cytoplasmic) and Lamin B (nuclear) were used to determine purity and as a loading control. D: DNA-binding activity of NF-қB-P65 in four lung cancer cell lines. Nuclear lysates were analyzed by EMSA. TRAF6: tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6; NF-қB: nuclear factor-κB.
Downregulation of TRAF6 reduces NF-қB activity in SPC-A-1 cells. SPC-A-1 cells were transfected by TRAF6 siRNA or control siRNA. After 24 h or 48 h, cytoplasmic lysates and nuclear lysates were analyzed for TRAF6 and P65 expression, respectively. β-actin and Lamina B was used as a loading control. Line 1: TRAF6 siRNA; Line 2: negative control; Line 3: control siRNA.
抑制TRAF6表达可以下调SPC-A-1细胞株NF-қB的活性。TRAF6 siRNA或对照siRNA转染SPC-A-1细胞株,经过24 h及48 h后,分别提取细胞浆、细胞核蛋白检测TRAF6、P65表达,β-actin和Lamin B作为内参照。1:TRAF6 siRNA;2:阴性对照;3:阳性对照。Downregulation of TRAF6 reduces NF-қB activity in SPC-A-1 cells. SPC-A-1 cells were transfected by TRAF6 siRNA or control siRNA. After 24 h or 48 h, cytoplasmic lysates and nuclear lysates were analyzed for TRAF6 and P65 expression, respectively. β-actin and Lamina B was used as a loading control. Line 1: TRAF6 siRNA; Line 2: negative control; Line 3: control siRNA.
Downregulation of TRAF6 on SPC-A-1 cell apoptosis. A: not-transfected group; B: control siRNA group; C: TRAF6 siRNA group; D: the relative content of apoptotic cells.
下调TRAF6表达对SPC-A-1细胞凋亡的影响。A:空白对照组;B:阳性对照组;C:TRAF6 siRNA转染组;D:凋亡细胞的相对比例。Downregulation of TRAF6 on SPC-A-1 cell apoptosis. A: not-transfected group; B: control siRNA group; C: TRAF6 siRNA group; D: the relative content of apoptotic cells.
Downregulation of TRAF6 reduces the migration and invasion capacity. A: Scratch test and transwell chamber assay; B: Number of invasive SPC-A-1 cells in the three groups.
下调TRAF6表达可以抑制SPC-A-1细胞侵袭及迁移能力。A:划痕实验及Transwell小室实验;B:不同处理组SPC-A-1的侵袭细胞数。Downregulation of TRAF6 reduces the migration and invasion capacity. A: Scratch test and transwell chamber assay; B: Number of invasive SPC-A-1 cells in the three groups.
Downregulation of TRAF6 decrease CD24 and CXCR4 expression in SPC-A-1 cells. Line 1: negative control; Line 2: control siRNA; Line 3: TRAF6 siRNA.
下调TRAF6表达可以抑制SPC-A-1细胞CD24、CXCR4蛋白表达。1:阴性对照;2:阳性对照;3:TRAF6 siRNA。Downregulation of TRAF6 decrease CD24 and CXCR4 expression in SPC-A-1 cells. Line 1: negative control; Line 2: control siRNA; Line 3: TRAF6 siRNA.
Authors: Thomas J LaRocca; Frank Fabris; Jiqiu Chen; Daniel Benhayon; Shihong Zhang; LaTronya McCollum; Alison D Schecter; Joseph Y Cheung; Eric A Sobie; Roger J Hajjar; Djamel Lebeche Journal: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol Date: 2012-05-18 Impact factor: 4.733
Authors: Marcin Imielinski; Alice H Berger; Peter S Hammerman; Bryan Hernandez; Trevor J Pugh; Eran Hodis; Jeonghee Cho; James Suh; Marzia Capelletti; Andrey Sivachenko; Carrie Sougnez; Daniel Auclair; Michael S Lawrence; Petar Stojanov; Kristian Cibulskis; Kyusam Choi; Luc de Waal; Tanaz Sharifnia; Angela Brooks; Heidi Greulich; Shantanu Banerji; Thomas Zander; Danila Seidel; Frauke Leenders; Sascha Ansén; Corinna Ludwig; Walburga Engel-Riedel; Erich Stoelben; Jürgen Wolf; Chandra Goparju; Kristin Thompson; Wendy Winckler; David Kwiatkowski; Bruce E Johnson; Pasi A Jänne; Vincent A Miller; William Pao; William D Travis; Harvey I Pass; Stacey B Gabriel; Eric S Lander; Roman K Thomas; Levi A Garraway; Gad Getz; Matthew Meyerson Journal: Cell Date: 2012-09-14 Impact factor: 41.582