Rheumatic manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases: a link between GI and rheumatology.

Musculoskeletal symptoms are the most frequent extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ranging between 10 and 40 % of cases. Pathogenesis is still unclear, although several factors have been associated (genetic, environmental, and immunologic pathways). Rheumatic manifestations in IBD patients are heterogeneous, including axial and peripheral involvement, dactylitis, enthesitis, uveitis, as well as skin involvement. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography are important tools for detecting early pathological changes in IBD patients with suspected rheumatic disease. New advances into the genetics and pathophysiology have provided more effective and targeted therapy for IBD patients with rheumatic manifestations. Given the high prevalence, awareness of the musculoskeletal symptoms is essential to avoid a misdiagnosis. Finally, an interdisciplinary approach of IBD patients, including rheumatologist and gastroenterologist, will improve the quality of life these patients.