Microenvironment-Driven Resistance to BRAF Inhibition Comes of Age.

Increasingly comprehensive observations indicate that the tumor microenvironment contributes to drug resistance toward small molecule inhibitors. Fedorenko et al. describe a role for fibroblasts in creating a favorable niche for melanoma cell survival if treated with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib. TGF-β released by vemurafenib-treated melanoma cells stimulated fibroblasts for increased α-smooth muscle actin, neuregulin (NRG), and fibronectin expression. Off-target effects of vemurafenib led to paradoxical secretion of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by fibroblasts. Combined inhibition of BRAF/MET/HER kinases was insufficient to reverse the protective effect of the fibroblasts, whereas reversal was achieved by combined BRAF/PI3K inhibition. A thorough understanding of the complex spatiotemporal interactions in tumor microenvironments holds promise for improved targeting using combination therapies in patients with melanoma.