Christoph Röllig1, Hubert Serve2, Andreas Hüttmann3, Richard Noppeney3, Carsten Müller-Tidow4, Utz Krug5, Claudia D Baldus6, Christian H Brandts2, Volker Kunzmann7, Hermann Einsele7, Alwin Krämer8, Kerstin Schäfer-Eckart9, Andreas Neubauer10, Andreas Burchert10, Aristoteles Giagounidis11, Stefan W Krause12, Andreas Mackensen12, Walter Aulitzky13, Regina Herbst14, Mathias Hänel14, Alexander Kiani15, Norbert Frickhofen16, Johannes Kullmer17, Ulrich Kaiser18, Hartmut Link19, Thomas Geer20, Albert Reichle21, Christian Junghanß22, Roland Repp23, Frank Heits24, Heinz Dürk25, Jana Hase26, Ina-Maria Klut27, Thomas Illmer28, Martin Bornhäuser26, Markus Schaich29, Stefani Parmentier29, Martin Görner30, Christian Thiede26, Malte von Bonin31, Johannes Schetelig32, Michael Kramer26, Wolfgang E Berdel33, Gerhard Ehninger26. 1. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: christoph.roellig@uniklinikum-dresden.de. 2. Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Germany. 3. Klinik für Hämatologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany. 4. Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin IV, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Germany; Medizinische Klinik A, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany. 5. Medizinische Klinik A, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany; Medizinische Klinik 3, Klinikum Leverkusen, Germany. 6. Medizinische Klinik III, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Centrum 14, Campus Benjamin, Franklin, Berlin, Germany. 7. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Germany. 8. Medizinische Klinik V, Universität Heidelberg, Germany. 9. 5 Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Nürnberg, Germany. 10. Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Marburg, Germany. 11. Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Germany. 12. Medizinische Klinik 5, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. 13. Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany. 14. Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum Chemnitz, Germany. 15. Klinik für Onkologie und Hämatologie, Klinikum Bayreuth, Germany. 16. Klinik Innere Medizin III, HELIOS Dr Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Germany. 17. Medizinische Klinik II, DIAKO Bremen, Germany. 18. Medizinische Klinik II, St Bernward Krankenhaus, Hildesheim, Germany. 19. Klinik für Innere Medizin 1, Westpfalzklinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany. 20. Innere Medizin III, Diakonie-Klinikum Schwäbisch Hall, Germany. 21. Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany. 22. Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinikum Rostock, Germany. 23. Medizinische Klinik V, Klinikum Bamberg, Germany. 24. Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie - Stammzelltransplantation, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg, Germany. 25. Klinik Hämatologie und Onkologie, St Marien-Hospital Hamm, Germany. 26. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität Dresden, Germany. 27. Klinikapotheke Universitätsklinikum TU Dresden, Germany. 28. Gemeinschaftspraxis Hämatologie-Onkologie, Dresden, Germany. 29. Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Palliativmedizin, Rems-Murr-Klinikum, Winnenden, Germany. 30. Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Palliativmedizin, Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, Germany. 31. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK); Dresden, Germany; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. 32. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität Dresden, Germany; DKMS, German Bone Marrow Donor Center, Dresden, Germany. 33. Medizinische Klinik A, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Preclinical data and results from non-randomised trials suggest that the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib might be an effective drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib versus placebo in addition to standard chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 60 years or younger. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial was done at 25 sites in Germany. We enrolled patients aged 18-60 years with newly diagnosed, previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia who had a WHO clinical performance score 0-2, adequate renal and liver function, no cardiac comorbidities, and no recent trauma or operation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive two cycles of induction therapy with daunorubicin (60 mg/m(2) on days 3-5) plus cytarabine (100 mg/m(2) on days 1-7), followed by three cycles of high-dose cytarabine consolidation therapy (3 g/m(2) twice daily on days 1, 3, and 5) plus either sorafenib (400 mg twice daily) or placebo on days 10-19 of induction cycles 1 and 2, from day 8 of each consolidation, and as maintenance for 12 months. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation was scheduled for all intermediate-risk patients with a sibling donor and for all high-risk patients with a matched donor in first remission. Computer-generated randomisation was done in blocks. The primary endpoint was event-free survival, with an event defined as either primary treatment failure or relapse or death, assessed in all randomised patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. We report the final analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00893373, and the EU Clinical Trials Register (2008-004968-40). FINDINGS:Between March 27, 2009, and Nov 28, 2011, 276 patients were enrolled and randomised, of whom nine did not receive study medication. 267 patients were included in the primary analysis (placebo, n=133; sorafenib, n=134). With a median follow-up of 36 months (IQR 35·5-38·1), median event-free survival was 9 months (95% CI 4-15) in the placebo group versus 21 months (9-32) in the sorafenib group, corresponding to a 3-year event-free survival of 22% (95% CI 13-32) in the placebo group versus 40% (29-51) in the sorafenib group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·64, 95% CI; 0·45-0·91; p=0·013). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events in both groups were fever (71 [53%] in the placebo group vs 73 [54%] in the sorafenib group), infections (55 [41%] vs 46 [34%]), pneumonia (21 [16%] vs 20 [14%]), and pain (13 [10%] vs 15 [11%]). Grade 3 or worse adverse events that were significantly more common in the sorafenib group than the placebo group were fever (relative risk [RR] 1·54, 95% CI 1·04-2·28), diarrhoea (RR 7·89, 2·94-25·2), bleeding (RR 3·75, 1·5-10·0), cardiac events (RR 3·46, 1·15-11·8), hand-foot-skin reaction (only in sorafenib group), and rash (RR 4·06, 1·25-15·7). INTERPRETATION: In patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 60 years or younger, the addition of sorafenib to standard chemotherapy has antileukaemic efficacy but also increased toxicity. Our findings suggest that kinase inhibitors could be a useful addition to curative treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia. Overall survival after long-term follow-up and strategies to reduce toxicity are needed to determine the future role of sorafenib in treatment of this disease. FUNDING: Bayer HealthCare.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: Preclinical data and results from non-randomised trials suggest that the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib might be an effective drug for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib versus placebo in addition to standard chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 60 years or younger. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial was done at 25 sites in Germany. We enrolled patients aged 18-60 years with newly diagnosed, previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia who had a WHO clinical performance score 0-2, adequate renal and liver function, no cardiac comorbidities, and no recent trauma or operation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive two cycles of induction therapy with daunorubicin (60 mg/m(2) on days 3-5) plus cytarabine (100 mg/m(2) on days 1-7), followed by three cycles of high-dose cytarabine consolidation therapy (3 g/m(2) twice daily on days 1, 3, and 5) plus either sorafenib (400 mg twice daily) or placebo on days 10-19 of induction cycles 1 and 2, from day 8 of each consolidation, and as maintenance for 12 months. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation was scheduled for all intermediate-risk patients with a sibling donor and for all high-risk patients with a matched donor in first remission. Computer-generated randomisation was done in blocks. The primary endpoint was event-free survival, with an event defined as either primary treatment failure or relapse or death, assessed in all randomised patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. We report the final analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00893373, and the EU Clinical Trials Register (2008-004968-40). FINDINGS: Between March 27, 2009, and Nov 28, 2011, 276 patients were enrolled and randomised, of whom nine did not receive study medication. 267 patients were included in the primary analysis (placebo, n=133; sorafenib, n=134). With a median follow-up of 36 months (IQR 35·5-38·1), median event-free survival was 9 months (95% CI 4-15) in the placebo group versus 21 months (9-32) in the sorafenib group, corresponding to a 3-year event-free survival of 22% (95% CI 13-32) in the placebo group versus 40% (29-51) in the sorafenib group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·64, 95% CI; 0·45-0·91; p=0·013). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events in both groups were fever (71 [53%] in the placebo group vs 73 [54%] in the sorafenib group), infections (55 [41%] vs 46 [34%]), pneumonia (21 [16%] vs 20 [14%]), and pain (13 [10%] vs 15 [11%]). Grade 3 or worse adverse events that were significantly more common in the sorafenib group than the placebo group were fever (relative risk [RR] 1·54, 95% CI 1·04-2·28), diarrhoea (RR 7·89, 2·94-25·2), bleeding (RR 3·75, 1·5-10·0), cardiac events (RR 3·46, 1·15-11·8), hand-foot-skin reaction (only in sorafenib group), and rash (RR 4·06, 1·25-15·7). INTERPRETATION: In patients with acute myeloid leukaemia aged 60 years or younger, the addition of sorafenib to standard chemotherapy has antileukaemic efficacy but also increased toxicity. Our findings suggest that kinase inhibitors could be a useful addition to curative treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia. Overall survival after long-term follow-up and strategies to reduce toxicity are needed to determine the future role of sorafenib in treatment of this disease. FUNDING: Bayer HealthCare.
Authors: Andrew M Brunner; Shuli Li; Amir T Fathi; Martha Wadleigh; Vincent T Ho; Kerry Collier; Christine Connolly; Karen K Ballen; Corey S Cutler; Bimalangshu R Dey; Areej El-Jawahri; Sarah Nikiforow; Steven L McAfee; John Koreth; Daniel J Deangelo; Edwin P Alyea; Joseph H Antin; Thomas R Spitzer; Richard M Stone; Robert J Soiffer; Yi-Bin Chen Journal: Br J Haematol Date: 2016-07-19 Impact factor: 6.998
Authors: Mike Fischer; Ulf Schnetzke; Bärbel Spies-Weisshart; Mario Walther; Maximilian Fleischmann; Inken Hilgendorf; Andreas Hochhaus; Sebastian Scholl Journal: Haematologica Date: 2016-12-29 Impact factor: 9.941