Access and closure of the left ventricular apex: state of play.

Calcific aortic stenosis is the most frequent manifestation of valvular heart disease. The preferred treatment for patients of all age groups is surgical aortic valve replacement. Recently, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the standard of care for patients that are deemed to be at high risk for open heart surgery. The most common access route for TAVI is the retrograde transfemoral (TF) approach, followed by the antegrade transapical (TA) approach. Both access routes have distinct indications. While the TF route is least invasive and the access of choice at most centers, the apical route is used complementary in patients with poor femoral access. In addition, the TA approach holds various benefits such as a short distance from the operator to the annulus facilitating exact positioning of the valve and the possibility to accommodate larger sheaths. Furthermore, the TA approach not only provides direct access to the aortic valve but also the mitral valve allowing for a wide range of interventions. Various apical closure devices are currently being developed under the premise of increasing overall safety of the TA-TAVI approach by further standardizing the procedure, alleviating left ventricular access and minimizing the risk of complications, such as apical bleeding. The aim of this article is to give an overview of current devices for apical closure. The ideal apical closure device should be easy to put in place, leave a minimum of foreign material, provide complete hemostasis and have a minimal risk of displacement. So far the range of commercially available devices in Europe is very limited with only one CE-certified device on the market and one device that is expected to receive CE-certification soon. Off-the-shelf closure devices could help flatten the initial operator learning curve and facilitate a safe apical access, ultimately leading to an entirely percutaneous TA-TAVI approach.