| Literature DB >> 26535584 |
Krister Håkansson, Hilkka Soininen, Bengt Winblad, Miia Kivipelto.
Abstract
Entities:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26535584 PMCID: PMC4633036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142465
Source DB: PubMed Journal: PLoS One ISSN: 1932-6203 Impact factor: 3.240
Fig 2Levels of hopelessness at baseline and follow-up for the different outcome groups.
Changes in hopelessness scores from baseline until follow up for those who at follow-up were either without cognitive impairment or were diagnosed with any cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. No changes from baseline to follow-up were statistically significant within any of the outcome categories (Student t-test for independent samples). All differences between the non-impaired group and any of the cognitive impairment groups were statistically significant, both at baseline and at follow-up (* = p≤10.05, ** = p≤0.01, *** = p≤0.001 as indicated by Students t-test for paired samples). The graph is based on scores from participants with measurements of hopelessness both at baseline and follow-up (N = 1246).
Fig 3Hopelessness and cognitive impairment for ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers.
Odds ratios from logistic regressions after adjustments for age, education, gender, BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol, residence area, occupation, physical activity, smoking, marital status, and depression. The risk is in comparison to ApoE4 non-carriers with low levels of hopelessness at midlife (OR = 1). Stars indicate the level of statistical significance (three levels <0.05, <0.01, <0.001).