Steven C Glidewell1,2, Shelley D Miyamoto3,4, Paul D Grossfeld5, David E Clouthier1,6, Christopher D Coldren7, Robert S Stearman2, Mark W Geraci1,2. 1. Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 2. Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 5. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA. 6. Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 7. PathGroup, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a heterogeneous, lethal combination of congenital malformations characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures, resulting in a univentricular circulation. The genetic determinants of this disorder are largely unknown. Evidence of copy number variants (CNVs) contributing to the genetic etiology of HLHS and other congenital heart defects has been mounting. However, the functional effects of such CNVs have not been examined, particularly in cases where the variant of interest is found in only a single patient. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whole-genome SNP microarrays were employed to detect CNVs in two patient cohorts (N = 70 total) predominantly diagnosed with some form of nonsyndromic HLHS. We discovered 16 rare or private variants adjacent to or overlapping 20 genes associated with cardiovascular or premature lethality phenotypes in mouse knockout models. We evaluated the impact of selected variants on the expression of nine of these genes through quantitative PCR on cDNA derived from patient heart tissue. Four genes displayed significantly altered expression in patients with an overlapping or proximal CNV verses patients without such CNVs. CONCLUSION: Rare and private genomic imbalances perturb transcription of genes that potentially affect cardiogenesis in a subset of nonsyndromic HLHS patients.
BACKGROUND:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a heterogeneous, lethal combination of congenital malformations characterized by severe underdevelopment of left heart structures, resulting in a univentricular circulation. The genetic determinants of this disorder are largely unknown. Evidence of copy number variants (CNVs) contributing to the genetic etiology of HLHS and other congenital heart defects has been mounting. However, the functional effects of such CNVs have not been examined, particularly in cases where the variant of interest is found in only a single patient. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whole-genome SNP microarrays were employed to detect CNVs in two patient cohorts (N = 70 total) predominantly diagnosed with some form of nonsyndromic HLHS. We discovered 16 rare or private variants adjacent to or overlapping 20 genes associated with cardiovascular or premature lethality phenotypes in mouse knockout models. We evaluated the impact of selected variants on the expression of nine of these genes through quantitative PCR on cDNA derived from patient heart tissue. Four genes displayed significantly altered expression in patients with an overlapping or proximal CNV verses patients without such CNVs. CONCLUSION: Rare and private genomic imbalances perturb transcription of genes that potentially affect cardiogenesis in a subset of nonsyndromic HLHSpatients.
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