Anne I Wijtzes1, Wilma Jansen2, Selma H Bouthoorn3, Frank J van Lenthe4, Oscar H Franco5, Albert Hofman6, Vincent W V Jaddoe7, Hein Raat4. 1. Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.wijtzes@erasmusmc.nl. 2. Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social Development, City of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 3. Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 5. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 6. Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 7. Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prospective associations of breakfast, lunch, and dinner skipping at age 4 years with body fat (ie, percent fat mass, body mass index [BMI], and weight status) at age 6 years. STUDY DESIGN: Data were analyzed from 5913 children participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Meal-skipping behaviors were assessed through parent-report questionnaires. Children's weight and height were objectively measured and converted to BMI SDSs. Weight status (ie, overweight or normal weight) was defined according to age- and sex-specific cutoff points. At age 6 years, percent fat mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for covariates and BMI at age 4 years. RESULTS: Breakfast skipping at age 4 years was associated with a higher percent fat mass at age 6 years (β = 1.38; 95% CI, 0.36-2.40). No associations were found with BMI or weight status. Furthermore, no associations were found between lunch and dinner skipping at age 4 years and body fat at age 6 years. CONCLUSION: Breakfast skipping at age 4 years is associated with a higher percent fat mass at age 6 years. Further prospective studies, including intervention studies, are warranted to extend the evidence base on the directionality and causality of this association.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prospective associations of breakfast, lunch, and dinner skipping at age 4 years with body fat (ie, percent fat mass, body mass index [BMI], and weight status) at age 6 years. STUDY DESIGN: Data were analyzed from 5913 children participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Meal-skipping behaviors were assessed through parent-report questionnaires. Children's weight and height were objectively measured and converted to BMI SDSs. Weight status (ie, overweight or normal weight) was defined according to age- and sex-specific cutoff points. At age 6 years, percent fat mass was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for covariates and BMI at age 4 years. RESULTS: Breakfast skipping at age 4 years was associated with a higher percent fat mass at age 6 years (β = 1.38; 95% CI, 0.36-2.40). No associations were found with BMI or weight status. Furthermore, no associations were found between lunch and dinner skipping at age 4 years and body fat at age 6 years. CONCLUSION: Breakfast skipping at age 4 years is associated with a higher percent fat mass at age 6 years. Further prospective studies, including intervention studies, are warranted to extend the evidence base on the directionality and causality of this association.
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