Arteries and Veins of the Sylvian Fissure and Insula: Microsurgical Anatomy.

We present a vascular anatomical study of the arteries and veins of the sylvian fissure and insula.A good knowledge of the sylvian fissure, the insula, and their vascular relationship would seem mandatory before performing surgery in this area, whatever the type of surgery (aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, insular tumors).We start with the sylvian fissure and insula morphology, followed by the MCA description and its perforators, with special attention paid to the insular perforators. We demonstrate that the long insular perforators penetrating in the superior part of the posterior short gyrus and long gyri vascularize, respectively, the corticonuclear and corticospinal fasciculi. We particularly insist too on three anatomical constants regarding the vascularization of the insula, already described in the literature: The superior periinsular sulcus is the only sulcus on the lateral surface of the brain without an artery along its axis; the superior branch of the MCA supplies the anterior insular pole and both the anterior and middle short gyri in 100 % of cases; in at least 90 % of cases, the artery that supplied the central insular sulcus continued on to become the central artery.We end with the anatomical study of the veins and cisterns.