María Inés Pinto-Sánchez1, Elena F Verdu2, Edwin Liu3, Premysl Bercik2, Peter H Green4, Joseph A Murray5, Stefano Guandalini6, Paul Moayyedi2. 1. Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: pintosm@mcmaster.ca. 2. Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. 3. Colorado Center for Celiac Disease, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO. 4. Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University, New York, NY. 5. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence regarding the effect of time of gluten introduction and breastfeeding on the risk of developing celiac disease (CD). STUDY DESIGN: We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the proper timing for introducing gluten to the infant diet, the appropriate quantity of gluten consumption at weaning, and the effect of breastfeeding on CD risk. Studies were located through the electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE). Two independent authors collected the data. RESULTS: A total of 1982 studies were identified, 15 of which were eligible for data extraction. A meta-analysis was performed on 2 randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 1 case-control study. There was a 25% increase in CD risk with late (>6 months) vs recommended (4-6 months) gluten introduction (risk ratio [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.08-1.45). There was no significant effect of breastfeeding vs no breastfeeding on CD risk (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.28-1.10), with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 92%) among studies. CONCLUSION: There is currently no evidence to support that early introduction of gluten to the infant diet increases the risk of CD; however, late introduction of gluten may be associated with increased risk of CD. More studies are needed that control for potential confounders and that evaluate environmental factors in low-risk families.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence regarding the effect of time of gluten introduction and breastfeeding on the risk of developing celiac disease (CD). STUDY DESIGN: We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the proper timing for introducing gluten to the infant diet, the appropriate quantity of gluten consumption at weaning, and the effect of breastfeeding on CD risk. Studies were located through the electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE). Two independent authors collected the data. RESULTS: A total of 1982 studies were identified, 15 of which were eligible for data extraction. A meta-analysis was performed on 2 randomized controlled trials, 10 cohort studies, and 1 case-control study. There was a 25% increase in CD risk with late (>6 months) vs recommended (4-6 months) gluten introduction (risk ratio [RR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.08-1.45). There was no significant effect of breastfeeding vs no breastfeeding on CD risk (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.28-1.10), with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 92%) among studies. CONCLUSION: There is currently no evidence to support that early introduction of gluten to the infant diet increases the risk of CD; however, late introduction of gluten may be associated with increased risk of CD. More studies are needed that control for potential confounders and that evaluate environmental factors in low-risk families.
Authors: Govind K Makharia; Prashant Singh; Carlo Catassi; David S Sanders; Daniel Leffler; Raja Affendi Raja Ali; Julio C Bai Journal: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol Date: 2022-01-03 Impact factor: 46.802
Authors: Ulla Uusitalo; Carin Andren Aronsson; Xiang Liu; Kalle Kurppa; Jimin Yang; Edwin Liu; Jennifer Skidmore; Christiane Winkler; Marian J Rewers; William A Hagopian; Jin-Xiong She; Jorma Toppari; Anette-G Ziegler; Beena Akolkar; Jill M Norris; Suvi M Virtanen; Jeffrey P Krischer; Daniel Agardh Journal: Nutrients Date: 2019-08-02 Impact factor: 5.717