Nicola Fossati1, R Jeffrey Karnes2, Cesare Cozzarini3, Claudio Fiorino4, Giorgio Gandaglia5, Steven Joniau6, Stephen A Boorjian2, Gregor Goldner7, Wolfgang Hinkelbein8, Karin Haustermans9, Bertrand Tombal10, Shahrokh Shariat11, Pierre I Karakiewicz12, Francesco Montorsi5, Hein Van Poppel6, Thomas Wiegel13, Alberto Briganti5. 1. Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: nicola.fossati@gmail.com. 2. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. 3. Department of Radiotherapy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 4. Medical Physics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. 5. Division of Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. 6. University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Urology, Leuven, Belgium. 7. Klinik für Radioonkologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria. 8. Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. 9. University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven, Belgium. 10. Department of Urology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. 11. Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria. 12. Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Centre, Montreal, Canada. 13. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Early salvage radiation therapy (eSRT) represents a treatment option for patients who experience a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rise after radical prostatectomy (RP); however, the optimal PSA level for eSRT administration is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To test the impact of PSA level on cancer control after eSRT according to pathologic tumour characteristics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 716 node-negative patients with undetectable postoperative PSA who experienced a PSA rise after RP. All patients received eSRT, defined as local radiation to the prostate and seminal vesicle bed, delivered at PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/ml. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) after eSRT was defined as two consecutive PSA values ≥ 0.2 ng/ml. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Multivariable Cox regression analysis tested the association between pre-eSRT PSA level and BCR after eSRT. Covariates consisted of pathologic stage (pT2 vs pT3a vs pT3b or higher), pathologic Gleason score (≤ 6, 7, or ≥ 8), and surgical margin status (negative vs positive). We tested an interaction with PSA level and baseline pathologic risk for the hypothesis that BCR-free survival differed by pre-eSRT PSA level. Three pathologic risk factors were identified: pathologic stage pT3b or higher, pathologic Gleason score ≥ 8, and negative surgical margins. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median follow-up among patients who did not experience BCR after eSRT was 57 mo (interquartile range: 27-105). At 5 yr after eSRT, BCR-free survival rate was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78-85). At multivariable Cox regression analysis, pre-eSRT PSA level was significantly associated with BCR after eSRT (hazard ratio: 4.89; 95% CI, 1.40-22.9; p < 0.0001). When patients were stratified according to the number of risk factors at final pathology, patients with at least two pathologic risk factors showed an increased risk of 5-yr BCR as high as 10% per 0.1 ng/ml of PSA level compared with only 1.5% in patients with one or no pathologic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, cancer control after eSRT greatly depended on pretreatment PSA. The absolute PSA level had a different prognostic value depending on the pathologic characteristics of the tumour. In patients with more adverse pathologic features, eSRT conferred better cancer control when administered at the very first sign of PSA rise. Conversely, the benefit of eSRT was less evident in men with favourable disease at RP. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this retrospective study, cancer control after early salvage radiation therapy (eSRT) was influenced by pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. This effect was highest in men with at least two of the following pathologic features: pT3b/pT4 disease, pathologic Gleason score ≥ 8, and negative surgical margins. In these patients, eSRT conferred better cancer control when administered at the very first sign of PSA rise.
BACKGROUND: Early salvage radiation therapy (eSRT) represents a treatment option for patients who experience a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rise after radical prostatectomy (RP); however, the optimal PSA level for eSRT administration is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To test the impact of PSA level on cancer control after eSRT according to pathologic tumour characteristics. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 716 node-negative patients with undetectable postoperative PSA who experienced a PSA rise after RP. All patients received eSRT, defined as local radiation to the prostate and seminal vesicle bed, delivered at PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/ml. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) after eSRT was defined as two consecutive PSA values ≥ 0.2 ng/ml. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Multivariable Cox regression analysis tested the association between pre-eSRT PSA level and BCR after eSRT. Covariates consisted of pathologic stage (pT2 vs pT3a vs pT3b or higher), pathologic Gleason score (≤ 6, 7, or ≥ 8), and surgical margin status (negative vs positive). We tested an interaction with PSA level and baseline pathologic risk for the hypothesis that BCR-free survival differed by pre-eSRT PSA level. Three pathologic risk factors were identified: pathologic stage pT3b or higher, pathologic Gleason score ≥ 8, and negative surgical margins. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median follow-up among patients who did not experience BCR after eSRT was 57 mo (interquartile range: 27-105). At 5 yr after eSRT, BCR-free survival rate was 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78-85). At multivariable Cox regression analysis, pre-eSRT PSA level was significantly associated with BCR after eSRT (hazard ratio: 4.89; 95% CI, 1.40-22.9; p < 0.0001). When patients were stratified according to the number of risk factors at final pathology, patients with at least two pathologic risk factors showed an increased risk of 5-yr BCR as high as 10% per 0.1 ng/ml of PSA level compared with only 1.5% in patients with one or no pathologic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, cancer control after eSRT greatly depended on pretreatment PSA. The absolute PSA level had a different prognostic value depending on the pathologic characteristics of the tumour. In patients with more adverse pathologic features, eSRT conferred better cancer control when administered at the very first sign of PSA rise. Conversely, the benefit of eSRT was less evident in men with favourable disease at RP. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this retrospective study, cancer control after early salvage radiation therapy (eSRT) was influenced by pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. This effect was highest in men with at least two of the following pathologic features: pT3b/pT4 disease, pathologic Gleason score ≥ 8, and negative surgical margins. In these patients, eSRT conferred better cancer control when administered at the very first sign of PSA rise.
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