Roles of the Lateral Habenula and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Negative Outcome Monitoring and Behavioral Adjustment in Nonhuman Primates.

Animals monitor the outcome of their choice and adjust subsequent choice behavior using the outcome information. Together with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the lateral habenula (LHb) has recently attracted attention for its crucial role in monitoring negative outcome. To investigate their contributions to subsequent behavioral adjustment, we recorded single-unit activity from the LHb and ACC in monkeys performing a reversal learning task. The monkey was required to shift a previous choice to the alternative if the choice had been repeatedly unrewarded in past trials. We found that ACC neurons stored outcome information from several past trials, whereas LHb neurons detected the ongoing negative outcome with shorter latencies. ACC neurons, but not LHb neurons, signaled a behavioral shift in the next trial. Our findings suggest that, although both the LHb and the ACC represent signals associated with negative outcome, these structures contribute to subsequent behavioral adjustment in different ways.