Leanne de Kock1, Yu Chang Wang2, Timothée Revil2, Dunarel Badescu2, Barbara Rivera1, Nelly Sabbaghian3, Mona Wu1, Evan Weber4, Claudio Sandoval5, Saskia M J Hopman6, Johannes H M Merks6, Johanna M van Hagen7, Antonia H M Bouts8, David A Plager9, Aparna Ramasubramanian10, Linus Forsmark11, Kristine L Doyle12, Tonja Toler13, Janine Callahan14, Charlotte Engelenberg15, Dorothée Bouron-Dal Soglio16, John R Priest17, Jiannis Ragoussis2, William D Foulkes18. 1. Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 2. Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 3. Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 4. Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 5. Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College and Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Valhalla, New York, USA. 6. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands. 7. Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 9. Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. 10. Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Department of Ophthalmology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA. 11. Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA. 12. North Hills, California, USA. 13. Petersburg, Indiana, USA. 14. Mahopac, New York, USA. 15. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 16. Department of Pathology, CHU-Sainte Justine and University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. 17. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 18. Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Somatic mosaicism is being increasingly recognised as an important cause of non-Mendelian presentations of hereditary syndromes. A previous whole-exome sequencing study using DNA derived from peripheral blood identified mosaic mutations in DICER1 in two children with overgrowth and developmental delay as well as more typical phenotypes of germline DICER1 mutation. However, very-low-frequency mosaicism is difficult to detect, and thus, causal mutations can go unnoticed. Highly sensitive, cost-effective approaches are needed to molecularly diagnose these persons. We studied four children with multiple primary tumours known to be associated with the DICER1 syndrome, but in whom germline DICER1 mutations were not detected by conventional mutation detection techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: We observed the same missense mutation within the DICER1 RNase IIIb domain in multiple tumours from different sites in each patient, raising suspicion of somatic mosaicism. We implemented three different targeted-capture technologies, including the novel HaloPlex(HS) (Agilent Technologies), followed by deep sequencing, and confirmed that the identified mutations are mosaic in origin in three patients, detectable in 0.24-31% of sequencing reads in constitutional DNA. The mosaic origin of patient 4's mutation remains to be unequivocally established. We also discovered likely pathogenic second somatic mutations or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumours from all four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mosaic DICER1 mutations are an important cause of the DICER1 syndrome in patients with severe phenotypes and often appear to be accompanied by second somatic truncating mutations or LOH in the associated tumours. Furthermore, the molecular barcode-containing HaloPlex(HS) provides the sensitivity required for detection of such low-level mosaic mutations and could have general applicability. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/
BACKGROUND: Somatic mosaicism is being increasingly recognised as an important cause of non-Mendelian presentations of hereditary syndromes. A previous whole-exome sequencing study using DNA derived from peripheral blood identified mosaic mutations in DICER1 in two children with overgrowth and developmental delay as well as more typical phenotypes of germline DICER1 mutation. However, very-low-frequency mosaicism is difficult to detect, and thus, causal mutations can go unnoticed. Highly sensitive, cost-effective approaches are needed to molecularly diagnose these persons. We studied four children with multiple primary tumours known to be associated with the DICER1 syndrome, but in whom germline DICER1 mutations were not detected by conventional mutation detection techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: We observed the same missense mutation within the DICER1 RNase IIIb domain in multiple tumours from different sites in each patient, raising suspicion of somatic mosaicism. We implemented three different targeted-capture technologies, including the novel HaloPlex(HS) (Agilent Technologies), followed by deep sequencing, and confirmed that the identified mutations are mosaic in origin in three patients, detectable in 0.24-31% of sequencing reads in constitutional DNA. The mosaic origin of patient 4's mutation remains to be unequivocally established. We also discovered likely pathogenic second somatic mutations or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumours from all four patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mosaic DICER1 mutations are an important cause of the DICER1 syndrome in patients with severe phenotypes and often appear to be accompanied by second somatic truncating mutations or LOH in the associated tumours. Furthermore, the molecular barcode-containing HaloPlex(HS) provides the sensitivity required for detection of such low-level mosaic mutations and could have general applicability. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/
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