| Literature DB >> 26465669 |
Ronaldo Fernandes Santos Alves1, Eduardo Faerstein2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the degree of educational inequality in the occurrence of abdominal obesity in a population of non-faculty civil servants at university campi.METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 3,117 subjects of both genders aged 24 to 65-years old, regarding the baseline of Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001. Abdominal obesity was defined according to abdominal circumference thresholds of 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men. A multi-dimensional, self-administered questionnaire was used to evaluate education levels and demographic variables. Slope and relative indices of inequality, and Chi-squared test for linear trend were used in the data analysis. All analyses were stratified by genders, and the indices of inequality were standardized by age.RESULTS Abdominal obesity was the most prevalent among women (43.5%; 95%CI 41.2;45.9), as compared to men (24.3%; 95%CI 22.1;26.7), in all educational strata and age ranges. The association between education levels and abdominal obesity was an inverse one among women (p < 0.001); it was not statistically significant among men (p = 0.436). The educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity in the female population, in absolute terms (slope index of inequality), was 24.0% (95%CI 15.5;32.6). In relative terms (relative index of inequality), it was 2.8 (95%CI 1.9;4.1), after the age adjustment.CONCLUSIONS Gender inequality in the prevalence of abdominal obesity increases with older age and lower education. The slope and relative indices of inequality summarize the strictly monotonous trend between education levels and abdominal obesity, and it described educational inequality regarding abdominal obesity among women. Such indices provide relevant quantitative estimates for monitoring abdominal obesity and dealing with health inequalities.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26465669 PMCID: PMC4587820 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005786
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Frequency measurements used in the algebraic proposition of the numerical score.
| Ordinal values (variable) | Absolute frequency | Relative frequency | Cumulative frequency | Cumulative relative frequency | Cumulative population interval | Median of the interval (score) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | f1 | fr1 | F1 | Fr1 | 0.0 - Fr1 | Score 1 |
| 2 | f2 | fr2 | F2 | Fr2 | Fr1 |-Fr2 | Score 2 |
| 3 | f3 | fr3 | F3 | Fr3 | Fr2 |-Fr3 | Score 3 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| k | fk | frk | Fk = N | Frk = 1.0 | Frk-1 |-1.0 | Score k |
k: (ordinal) index of the social polytomous variable; fk: absolute frequency; frk: relative frequency (commonly expressed as %); Fk: cumulative frequency; Frk: cumulative relative frequency; N: total of subjects in the population
Note: [frk = fk ÷ N] e [Frk = Fk ÷ N]; [f1 = F1] e [fr1 = Fr1].
Sociodemographic characteristics in Pró-Saúde Study baseline, 1999-2001.
| Variable | Women | Men | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | N | % | |
| Gender | 1,739 | 55.8 | 1,378 | 44.2 | 3,117 | 100 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 24 to 34 | 281 | 16.2 | 307 | 22.3 | 588 | 18.9 |
| 35 to 44 | 765 | 44.0 | 623 | 45.2 | 1,388 | 44.5 |
| 45 to 54 | 541 | 31.1 | 367 | 26.6 | 908 | 29.1 |
| 55 to 65 | 152 | 8.7 | 81 | 5.9 | 233 | 7.5 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Incomplete elementary schooling | 102 | 5.9 | 125 | 9.1 | 227 | 7.3 |
| Complete elementary schooling | 90 | 5.2 | 97 | 7.0 | 187 | 6.0 |
| Incomplete high school education | 132 | 7.6 | 151 | 11.0 | 283 | 9.1 |
| Complete high school education | 358 | 20.6 | 311 | 22.6 | 669 | 21.5 |
| Incomplete university education | 235 | 13.5 | 204 | 14.8 | 439 | 14.1 |
| Complete university education | 478 | 27.5 | 321 | 23.3 | 799 | 25.6 |
| Graduate studies | 344 | 19.8 | 169 | 12.3 | 513 | 16.5 |
Prevalence (%) of abdominal obesity, slope index of inequality, and relative index of inequality of the female population. Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001.
| Variable | Women | Men | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal obesity (%) | 95%CI | pa | Abdominal obesity (%) | 95%CI | pa | Abdominal obesity (%) | 95%CI | pa | |
| Gender | 43.5 | 41.2;45.9 | 24.3 | 22.1;26.7 | 35.0 | 33.3;36.7 | |||
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| 24 to 34 | 26.0 | 20.9;31.5 | 16.9 | 12.9;21.6 | 21.3 | 18.0;24.8 | |||
| 35 to 44 | 36.3 | 32.9;39.9 | 24.1 | 20.8;27.6 | 30.8 | 28.4;33.3 | |||
| 45 to 54 | 54.5 | 50.2;58.8 | 30.2 | 25.6;35.2 | 44.7 | 41.4;48.0 | |||
| 55 to 65 | 73.0 | 65.2;79.9 | 27.2 | 17.9;38.2 | 57.1 | 50.4;63.5 | |||
| Education level | < 0.001 | 0.436 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Incomplete elementary schooling | 72.5 | 62.8;80.9 | 24.0 | 16.8;32.5 | 45.8 | 39.2;52.5 | |||
| Complete elementary schooling | 67.8 | 57.1;77.2 | 23.7 | 15.7;33.4 | 44.9 | 37.6;52.3 | |||
| Incomplete high school education | 54.5 | 45.6;63.2 | 25.8 | 19.0;33.6 | 39.2 | 33.5;45.2 | |||
| Complete high school education | 50.3 | 45.0;55.6 | 26.0 | 21.2;31.3 | 39.0 | 35.3;42.8 | |||
| Incomplete university education | 42.5 | 36.1;49.1 | 27.9 | 21.9;34.6 | 35.8 | 31.3;40.4 | |||
| Complete university education | 33.3 | 29.0;37.7 | 18.4 | 14.3;23.1 | 27.3 | 24.2;30.5 | |||
| Graduate studies | 32.3 | 27.3;37.5 | 27.2 | 20.7;34.6 | 30.6 | 26.6;34.8 | |||
| SII (%) | 40.8 (32.8;48.8)b | 24.0 (15.5;32.6)c | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| RII | 5.5 (3.9;7.9)b | 2.8 (1.9;4.1)c | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
SII: Slope Index of Inequality; RII: Relative Index of Inequality
a Chi-squared test for linear trend.
b Crude SII and RII.
c Age-adjusted SII and RII.
FigureEducational inequality regarding abdominal obesity among multiple educational groups in the female population. Pró-Saúde Study, 1999-2001.
Medidas de frequência utilizadas na proposição algébrica do escore numérico.
| Valores ordinais (variável) | Frequência absoluta | Frequência relativa | Frequência acumulada | Frequência relativa acumulada | Intervalo cumulativo da população | Mediana do intervalo (escore) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | f1 | fr1 | F1 | Fr1 | 0,0 - Fr1 | Escore 1 |
| 2 | f2 | fr2 | F2 | Fr2 | Fr1 |-Fr2 | Escore 2 |
| 3 | f3 | fr3 | F3 | Fr3 | Fr2 |-Fr3 | Escore 3 |
| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| k | fk | frk | Fk = N | Frk = 1,0 | Frk-1 |-1,0 | Escore k |
k: índice (ordinal) da categoria da variável social politômica; fk: frequência absoluta; frk: frequência relativa (expressa comumente em %); Fk: frequência acumulada; Frk: frequência relativa acumulada; N: total de indivíduos da população
Nota: [frk = fk ÷ N] e [Frk = Fk ÷ N]; [f1 = F1] e [fr1 = Fr1].
Características sociodemográficas da linha de base do Estudo Pró-Saúde, 1999-2001.
| Variável | Mulheres | Homens | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | N | % | |
| Sexo | 1.739 | 55,8 | 1.378 | 44,2 | 3.117 | 100 |
| Idade (anos) | ||||||
| 24 a 34 | 281 | 16,2 | 307 | 22,3 | 588 | 18,9 |
| 35 a 44 | 765 | 44,0 | 623 | 45,2 | 1.388 | 44,5 |
| 45 a 54 | 541 | 31,1 | 367 | 26,6 | 908 | 29,1 |
| 55 a 65 | 152 | 8,7 | 81 | 5,9 | 233 | 7,5 |
| Escolaridade | ||||||
| Fundamental incompleto | 102 | 5,9 | 125 | 9,1 | 227 | 7,3 |
| Fundamental completo | 90 | 5,2 | 97 | 7,0 | 187 | 6,0 |
| Médio incompleto | 132 | 7,6 | 151 | 11,0 | 283 | 9,1 |
| Médio completo | 358 | 20,6 | 311 | 22,6 | 669 | 21,5 |
| Superior incompleto | 235 | 13,5 | 204 | 14,8 | 439 | 14,1 |
| Superior completo | 478 | 27,5 | 321 | 23,3 | 799 | 25,6 |
| Pós-graduação | 344 | 19,8 | 169 | 12,3 | 513 | 16,5 |
Prevalência (%) de obesidade abdominal, índice angular de desigualdade e índice relativo de desigualdade da população feminina. Estudo Pró-Saúde, 1999-2001.
| Variável | Mulheres | Homens | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesidade abdominal (%) | IC95% | pa | Obesidade abdominal (%) | IC95% | pa | Obesidade abdominal (%) | IC95% | pa | |
| Sexo | 43,5 | 41,2;45,9 | 24,3 | 22,1;26,7 | 35,0 | 33,3;36,7 | |||
| Idade (anos) | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | ||||||
| 24 a 34 | 26,0 | 20,9;31,5 | 16,9 | 12,9;21,6 | 21,3 | 18,0;24,8 | |||
| 35 a 44 | 36,3 | 32,9;39,9 | 24,1 | 20,8;27,6 | 30,8 | 28,4;33,3 | |||
| 45 a 54 | 54,5 | 50,2;58,8 | 30,2 | 25,6;35,2 | 44,7 | 41,4;48,0 | |||
| 55 a 65 | 73,0 | 65,2;79,9 | 27,2 | 17,9;38,2 | 57,1 | 50,4;63,5 | |||
| Escolaridade | < 0,001 | 0,436 | < 0,001 | ||||||
| Fundamental incompleto | 72,5 | 62,8;80,9 | 24,0 | 16,8;32,5 | 45,8 | 39,2;52,5 | |||
| Fundamental completo | 67,8 | 57,1;77,2 | 23,7 | 15,7;33,4 | 44,9 | 37,6;52,3 | |||
| Médio incompleto | 54,5 | 45,6;63,2 | 25,8 | 19,0;33,6 | 39,2 | 33,5;45,2 | |||
| Médio completo | 50,3 | 45,0;55,6 | 26,0 | 21,2;31,3 | 39,0 | 35,3;42,8 | |||
| Superior incompleto | 42,5 | 36,1;49,1 | 27,9 | 21,9;34,6 | 35,8 | 31,3;40,4 | |||
| Superior completo | 33,3 | 29,0;37,7 | 18,4 | 14,3;23,1 | 27,3 | 24,2;30,5 | |||
| Pós-graduação | 32,3 | 27,3;37,5 | 27,2 | 20,7;34,6 | 30,6 | 26,6;34,8 | |||
| IAD (%) | 40,8 (32,8;48,8)b | 24,0 (15,5;32,6)c | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| IRD | 5,5 (3,9;7,9)b | 2,8 (1,9;4,1)c | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
IAD: Índice Angular de Desigualdade; IRD: Índice Relativo de Desigualdade
a teste Qui-quadrado para tendência linear.
b IAD e IRD brutos.
c IAD e IRD ajustados por idade.
FiguraDesigualdade na ocorrência de obesidade abdominal entre os múltiplos grupos educacionais na população feminina. EPS, 1999-2001.