Lyudmila Boyanova1, Galina Gergova1, Ivailo Evstatiev2, Zoya Spassova3, Naiden Kandilarov4, Penka Yaneva5, Rumyana Markovska1, Ivan Mitov1. 1. a From the Department of Medical Microbiology , Medical University of Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria. 2. b Department of Gastroenterology , University Hospital St Ekaterina , Sofia , Bulgaria. 3. c Department of Gastroenterology , University Hospital St Ivan Rilski , Sofia , Bulgaria. 4. d Department of General and Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery , Medical University - Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria. 5. e Gastroenterology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics , University Pediatric Hospital , Sofia , Bulgaria.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is the main cause for eradication failures. METHODS: Antibiotic resistance in 299 H. pylori strains from 233 untreated adults, 26 treated adults, and 40 untreated children was assessed by E tests and, for metronidazole, by breakpoint susceptibility testing and two breakpoint systems. RESULTS: Using EUCAST breakpoints (EBPs) and previous breakpoints (PBPs), overall resistance rates were: amoxicillin 4.0 and 0.6%, metronidazole 33.8 and 33.8%, clarithromycin 28.1 and 27.4%, levofloxacin 19.4 and 19.4%, tetracycline 3.7 and 1.5%, respectively, and rifampin 8.3% (EBP). Multidrug resistance was detected in treated and untreated adults and an untreated child and included 17 (EBPs) and 15 strains (PBPs). Differences between susceptibility categories were found for amoxicillin (3.5% of strains), clarithromycin (0.7%), and tetracycline (2.2%). Using PBPs, from 2005-2007 to 2010-2015, overall primary clarithromycin resistance continued to increase (17.9-25.6%) as noted in our previous study. However, in 2010-2015, overall primary metronidazole (24.0-31.5%) and fluoroquinolone (7.6-18.3%) resistance rates also increased. Primary resistance rates in children and adults were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Briefly, differences in resistance rates by the two breakpoint systems affected the results for three antibiotics. National antibiotic consumption was linked to macrolide resistance in adults. Current primary H. pylori resistance to three antibiotics increased in all untreated patients and in the untreated adults, with the sharpest rise for the fluoroquinolones. The presence of fivefold H. pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and amoxicillin according to EBPs is alarming.
BACKGROUND:Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics is the main cause for eradication failures. METHODS: Antibiotic resistance in 299 H. pylori strains from 233 untreated adults, 26 treated adults, and 40 untreated children was assessed by E tests and, for metronidazole, by breakpoint susceptibility testing and two breakpoint systems. RESULTS: Using EUCAST breakpoints (EBPs) and previous breakpoints (PBPs), overall resistance rates were: amoxicillin 4.0 and 0.6%, metronidazole 33.8 and 33.8%, clarithromycin 28.1 and 27.4%, levofloxacin 19.4 and 19.4%, tetracycline 3.7 and 1.5%, respectively, and rifampin 8.3% (EBP). Multidrug resistance was detected in treated and untreated adults and an untreated child and included 17 (EBPs) and 15 strains (PBPs). Differences between susceptibility categories were found for amoxicillin (3.5% of strains), clarithromycin (0.7%), and tetracycline (2.2%). Using PBPs, from 2005-2007 to 2010-2015, overall primary clarithromycin resistance continued to increase (17.9-25.6%) as noted in our previous study. However, in 2010-2015, overall primary metronidazole (24.0-31.5%) and fluoroquinolone (7.6-18.3%) resistance rates also increased. Primary resistance rates in children and adults were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Briefly, differences in resistance rates by the two breakpoint systems affected the results for three antibiotics. National antibiotic consumption was linked to macrolide resistance in adults. Current primary H. pylori resistance to three antibiotics increased in all untreated patients and in the untreated adults, with the sharpest rise for the fluoroquinolones. The presence of fivefold H. pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and amoxicillin according to EBPs is alarming.
Authors: Paula Rojas García; Simon van der Pol; Antoinette D I van Asselt; Maarten Postma; Roberto Rodríguez-Ibeas; Carmelo A Juárez-Castelló; Marino González; Fernando Antoñanzas Journal: Antibiotics (Basel) Date: 2021-01-08