Yu-Chou Tseng1, Samuel K Kulp1, I-Lu Lai1, En-Chi Hsu1, Wei A He1, David E Frankhouser1, Pearlly S Yan1, Xiaokui Mo1, Mark Bloomston1, Gregory B Lesinski1, Guido Marcucci1, Denis C Guttridge1, Tanios Bekaii-Saab2, Ching-Shih Chen2. 1. Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy (YCT, SKK, ILL, ECH, CSC), Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (WAH, DCG), Department of Surgery (MB), Department of Internal Medicine (GBL, GM, TBS), and Center for Biostatistics (XM), College of Medicine, and Genomics Shared Resource (DEF, PSY), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (CSC); Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (CSC). 2. Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy (YCT, SKK, ILL, ECH, CSC), Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (WAH, DCG), Department of Surgery (MB), Department of Internal Medicine (GBL, GM, TBS), and Center for Biostatistics (XM), College of Medicine, and Genomics Shared Resource (DEF, PSY), The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (CSC); Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (CSC). Tanios.Saab@osumc.edu chen.844@osu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cancer cachexia is a debilitating condition that impacts patient morbidity, mortality, and quality of life and for which effective therapies are lacking. The anticachectic activity of the novel HDAC inhibitor AR-42 was investigated in murine models of cancer cachexia. METHODS: The effects of AR-42 on classic features of cachexia were evaluated in the C-26 colon adenocarcinoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) models. Effects on survival in comparison with approved HDAC inhibitors (vorinostat, romidepsin) were determined. The muscle metabolome and transcriptome (by RNA-seq), as well as serum cytokine profile, were evaluated. Data were analyzed using mixed effects models, analysis of variance, or log-rank tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: In the C-26 model, orally administered AR-42 preserved body weight (23.9±2.6 grams, AR-42-treated; 20.8±1.3 grams, vehicle-treated; P = .005), prolonged survival (P < .001), prevented reductions in muscle and adipose tissue mass, muscle fiber size, and muscle strength and restored intramuscular mRNA expression of the E3 ligases MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 to basal levels (n = 8). This anticachectic effect, confirmed in the LLC model, was not observed after treatment with vorinostat and romidepsin. AR-42 suppressed tumor-induced changes in inflammatory cytokine production and multiple procachexia drivers (IL-6, IL-6Rα, leukemia inhibitory factor, Foxo1, Atrogin-1, MuRF1, adipose triglyceride lipase, uncoupling protein 3, and myocyte enhancer factor 2c). Metabolomic analysis revealed cachexia-associated changes in glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and protein degradation in muscle, which were restored by AR-42 to a state characteristic of tumor-free mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support further investigation of AR-42 as part of a comprehensive therapeutic strategy for cancer cachexia.
BACKGROUND:Cancer cachexia is a debilitating condition that impacts patient morbidity, mortality, and quality of life and for which effective therapies are lacking. The anticachectic activity of the novel HDAC inhibitor AR-42 was investigated in murine models of cancer cachexia. METHODS: The effects of AR-42 on classic features of cachexia were evaluated in the C-26 colon adenocarcinoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) models. Effects on survival in comparison with approved HDAC inhibitors (vorinostat, romidepsin) were determined. The muscle metabolome and transcriptome (by RNA-seq), as well as serum cytokine profile, were evaluated. Data were analyzed using mixed effects models, analysis of variance, or log-rank tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: In the C-26 model, orally administered AR-42 preserved body weight (23.9±2.6 grams, AR-42-treated; 20.8±1.3 grams, vehicle-treated; P = .005), prolonged survival (P < .001), prevented reductions in muscle and adipose tissue mass, muscle fiber size, and muscle strength and restored intramuscular mRNA expression of the E3 ligases MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 to basal levels (n = 8). This anticachectic effect, confirmed in the LLC model, was not observed after treatment with vorinostat and romidepsin. AR-42 suppressed tumor-induced changes in inflammatory cytokine production and multiple procachexia drivers (IL-6, IL-6Rα, leukemia inhibitory factor, Foxo1, Atrogin-1, MuRF1, adipose triglyceride lipase, uncoupling protein 3, and myocyte enhancer factor 2c). Metabolomic analysis revealed cachexia-associated changes in glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and protein degradation in muscle, which were restored by AR-42 to a state characteristic of tumor-free mice. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support further investigation of AR-42 as part of a comprehensive therapeutic strategy for cancer cachexia.
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