The "Temporary Recommendations for Use": A dual-purpose regulatory framework for off-label drug use in France.

In 2012, following the Mediator(®) (benfluorex) scandal, France displayed the ambitious goal to implement a regulatory framework for controlling off-label drug use: the "Temporary Recommendations for Use" (RTUs). It aims to regulate the use of pharmaceuticals outside the scope of a marketing authorization (MA) by establishing a framework for patient monitoring and data collection. This is intended to ensure that the benefit/risk ratio is favorable for the indication approved by the RTU. The granting of an RTU enables the reimbursement of off-label drug use and encourages pharmaceutical companies to expand their MA. Between 2012 and 2014, the regulator framework for RTUs was amended twice in order to allow the bypassing of an MA for economic reasons, when a licensed alternative drug exists (so far, this is only illustrated by the bevacizumab (Avastin(®))/ranibizumab (Lucentis(®)) case). The primary purpose of the RTU framework is interesting by implementing an original national control for off-label uses that respond to a public health need. The secondary purpose is more controversial as it promotes off-label use. This has raised legal issues and has created a ground for litigation between pharmaceutical firms and health authorities. RTUs provide an interesting example for other countries that are exploring the possibility of regulating off-label drug use. At the same time, the processes surrounding the implementation of RTUs illustrate the difficulties of public policies to balance public health needs, safety and economic goals.