Shellee Williams1, Mahomed Patel2, Peter Markey3, Rosanne Muller4, Suresh Benedict5, Ian Ross6, Michael Heuzenroeder7, Dianne Davos8, Scott Cameron9, Vicki Krause10. 1. Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia; National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. Electronic address: shelleewilliams75@gmail.com. 2. National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. Electronic address: Mahomed.Patel@anu.edu.au. 3. Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: Peter.Markey@nt.gov.au. 4. Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: RosanneMuller@hotmail.com. 5. Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, NT Department of Resources (DoR), Darwin, NT, Australia. Electronic address: Suresh.Benedict@nt.gov.au. 6. Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia. Electronic address: Ian.Ross@health.sa.gov.au. 7. Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia. Electronic address: mheuzenr@gmail.com. 8. Public Health Unit, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia (SA), Australia. Electronic address: dianned@internode.on.net. 9. National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (NCEPH), Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. Electronic address: Scott.Cameron@adelaide.edu.au. 10. Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Northern Territory Department of Health and Community Services (NTDHCS), Darwin, Northern Territory (NT), Australia. Electronic address: Vicki.Krause@nt.gov.au.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the environment of case and control houses, and compare serovars isolated from cases and their houses. METHODS: From 2005 to 2008, we tested samples from houses of 0-4 year old cases and community controls in Darwin and Palmerston for Salmonella. Case isolates were compared with environmental isolates. S. Ball and S. Urbana isolates were compared using Multiple Amplification of Phage Locus Typing (MAPLT) and Multiple-Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). RESULTS: Salmonella were found in 47/65 (72%) case houses and 18/29 (62%) control houses; these proportions were not significantly different. In 21/47 (45%) houses, case and environmental isolates (from animal faeces, soil and vacuums) were indistinguishable. Multiple serovars were isolated from 20 (31%) case and 6 (21%) control houses. All but one environmental isolate are known human pathogens in the Northern Territory (NT). Each of the four pairs of S. Ball and S. Urbana were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS: Animal faeces were the most likely source of salmonellosis in cases. The similar prevalence of house isolates suggests that Salmonella is ubiquitous in this environment. The distinction of S. Ball and S. Urbana subtypes enabled linkage of human illness to environmental exposure. Environmental contamination with Salmonella is an important source of sporadic infection in children in the tropics.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the environment of case and control houses, and compare serovars isolated from cases and their houses. METHODS: From 2005 to 2008, we tested samples from houses of 0-4 year old cases and community controls in Darwin and Palmerston for Salmonella. Case isolates were compared with environmental isolates. S. Ball and S. Urbana isolates were compared using Multiple Amplification of Phage Locus Typing (MAPLT) and Multiple-Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). RESULTS: Salmonella were found in 47/65 (72%) case houses and 18/29 (62%) control houses; these proportions were not significantly different. In 21/47 (45%) houses, case and environmental isolates (from animal faeces, soil and vacuums) were indistinguishable. Multiple serovars were isolated from 20 (31%) case and 6 (21%) control houses. All but one environmental isolate are known human pathogens in the Northern Territory (NT). Each of the four pairs of S. Ball and S. Urbana were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS: Animal faeces were the most likely source of salmonellosis in cases. The similar prevalence of house isolates suggests that Salmonella is ubiquitous in this environment. The distinction of S. Ball and S. Urbana subtypes enabled linkage of human illness to environmental exposure. Environmental contamination with Salmonella is an important source of sporadic infection in children in the tropics.
Authors: J Collins; K M J Simpson; G Bell; D N Durrheim; G A Hill-Cawthorne; K Hope; P Howard; T Kohlenberg; K Lawrence; K Lilly; P Porigneaux; V Sintchenko; Q Wang; M P Ward; A Wiethoelter; S M Mor; J Flint Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2019-01 Impact factor: 2.451
Authors: Sonia M Hernandez; John J Maurer; Michael J Yabsley; Valerie E Peters; Andrea Presotto; Maureen H Murray; Shannon Curry; Susan Sanchez; Peter Gerner-Smidt; Kelley Hise; Joyce Huang; Kasey Johnson; Tiffany Kwan; Erin K Lipp Journal: Front Vet Sci Date: 2021-07-22