Computational insight into the structure-activity relationship of novel N-substituted phthalimides with gibberellin-like activity.

N-substituted phthalimides (NSPs) that show multiple gibberellin (GA)-like effects on the growth and development of higher plants have been reported. These NSPs may represent a potential alternative to commercial GAs. Therefore, in this work, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the mode of interaction between some NSPs and the GA receptor GID1A in order to clarify the relationship between structure and GA-like activity in the NSPs. The results obtained demonstrate that both a multiple-hydrogen-bond network and a "hat-shaped" hydrophobic interaction play important roles in the binding of the NSPs to GID1A. The carbonyl group of a phthalimide fragment in the NSPs acted in a similar manner to the pharmacophore group 6-COOH in GAs, forming multiple-hydrogen-bond interactions with residues Ser191 and Tyr322 in the binding domain of GID1A. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were used to further study the 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) of the NSPs. It was confirmed that the GA-like activity of these NSPs is strongly linked to a few H-bond donor and acceptor field contributions of the NSPs to the H-bond interactions with GID1A. Five new NSP molecules D1-D5 were designed using the binding domain of GID1A and then docked into the receptor. D1 and D4 were shown to have good docking scores due to enhanced hydrophobic contact. We hope that these results will provide useful guidance in the rational design of new NSPs.