Literature DB >> 26411384

How to prove that your therapy is effective, even when it is not: a guideline.

P Cuijpers1, I A Cristea2.   

Abstract

AIMS: Suppose you are the developer of a new therapy for a mental health problem or you have several years of experience working with such a therapy, and you would like to prove that it is effective. Randomised trials have become the gold standard to prove that interventions are effective, and they are used by treatment guidelines and policy makers to decide whether or not to adopt, implement or fund a therapy.
METHODS: You would want to do such a randomised trial to get your therapy disseminated, but in reality your clinical experience already showed you that the therapy works. How could you do a trial in order to optimise the chance of finding a positive effect?
RESULTS: Methods that can help include a strong allegiance towards the therapy, anything that increases expectations and hope in participants, making use of the weak spots of randomised trials (risk of bias), small sample sizes and waiting list control groups (but not comparisons with existing interventions). And if all that fails one can always not publish the outcomes and wait for positive trials.
CONCLUSIONS: Several methods are available to help you show that your therapy is effective, even when it is not.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Control groups; randomised trial; researcher allegiance; risk of bias

Year:  2015        PMID: 26411384      PMCID: PMC7137591          DOI: 10.1017/S2045796015000864

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci        ISSN: 2045-7960            Impact factor:   6.892


  41 in total

1.  Placebo-associated blood pressure response and adverse effects in the treatment of hypertension: observations from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study.

Authors:  R A Preston; B J Materson; D J Reda; D W Williams
Journal:  Arch Intern Med       Date:  2000-05-22

2.  The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: gold standard or golden calf?

Authors:  T J Kaptchuk
Journal:  J Clin Epidemiol       Date:  2001-06       Impact factor: 6.437

3.  Understanding randomised controlled trials.

Authors:  A K Akobeng
Journal:  Arch Dis Child       Date:  2005-08       Impact factor: 3.791

4.  New psychotherapies for mood and anxiety disorders: necessary innovation or waste of resources?

Authors:  Pim Cuijpers; Annemieke van Straten
Journal:  Can J Psychiatry       Date:  2011-04       Impact factor: 4.356

5.  Researcher allegiance in psychotherapy outcome research: an overview of reviews.

Authors:  Thomas Munder; Oliver Brütsch; Rainer Leonhart; Heike Gerger; Jürgen Barth
Journal:  Clin Psychol Rev       Date:  2013-02-21

Review 6.  Acupuncture for depression: a review of clinical applications.

Authors:  Junmei Wu; Albert S Yeung; Rosa Schnyer; Yunfei Wang; David Mischoulon
Journal:  Can J Psychiatry       Date:  2012-07       Impact factor: 4.356

7.  The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size.

Authors:  P Cuijpers; A van Straten; E Bohlmeijer; S D Hollon; G Andersson
Journal:  Psychol Med       Date:  2009-06-03       Impact factor: 7.723

8.  Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy.

Authors:  Erick H Turner; Annette M Matthews; Eftihia Linardatos; Robert A Tell; Robert Rosenthal
Journal:  N Engl J Med       Date:  2008-01-17       Impact factor: 91.245

9.  Waiting list may be a nocebo condition in psychotherapy trials: a contribution from network meta-analysis.

Authors:  T A Furukawa; H Noma; D M Caldwell; M Honyashiki; K Shinohara; H Imai; P Chen; V Hunot; R Churchill
Journal:  Acta Psychiatr Scand       Date:  2014-04-04       Impact factor: 6.392

10.  Dolphin-Assisted Therapy: Claims versus Evidence.

Authors:  Britta L Fiksdal; Daniel Houlihan; Aaron C Barnes
Journal:  Autism Res Treat       Date:  2012-07-24
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  24 in total

1.  The waiting list is an inadequate benchmark for estimating the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression.

Authors:  Ioana A Cristea
Journal:  Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci       Date:  2018-11-27       Impact factor: 6.892

2.  Encompassing a global mental health perspective into psychotherapy research: a critique of approaches to measuring the efficacy of psychotherapy for depression.

Authors:  Marianna Purgato; Geetha Jayaram; Pamela J Surkan; Judith Bass; Paul Bolton
Journal:  Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci       Date:  2019-01-15       Impact factor: 6.892

3.  The efficacy of app-supported smartphone interventions for mental health problems: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Authors:  Jake Linardon; Pim Cuijpers; Per Carlbring; Mariel Messer; Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
Journal:  World Psychiatry       Date:  2019-10       Impact factor: 49.548

4.  How effective are cognitive behavior therapies for major depression and anxiety disorders? A meta-analytic update of the evidence.

Authors:  Pim Cuijpers; Ioana A Cristea; Eirini Karyotaki; Mirjam Reijnders; Marcus J H Huibers
Journal:  World Psychiatry       Date:  2016-10       Impact factor: 49.548

Review 5.  Control interventions in randomised trials among people with mental health disorders.

Authors:  Erlend Faltinsen; Adnan Todorovac; Laura Staxen Bruun; Asbjørn Hróbjartsson; Christian Gluud; Mickey T Kongerslev; Erik Simonsen; Ole Jakob Storebø
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2022-04-04

Review 6.  The Updated NICE Guidance Exposed the Serious Flaws in CBT and Graded Exercise Therapy Trials for ME/CFS.

Authors:  Mark Vink; Alexandra Vink-Niese
Journal:  Healthcare (Basel)       Date:  2022-05-12

7.  Results of the Optimune trial: A randomized controlled trial evaluating a novel Internet intervention for breast cancer survivors.

Authors:  Franziska Holtdirk; Anja Mehnert; Mario Weiss; Johannes Mayer; Björn Meyer; Peter Bröde; Maren Claus; Carsten Watzl
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2021-05-07       Impact factor: 3.240

Review 8.  Is investigator background related to outcome in head to head trials of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Authors:  Ioana A Cristea; Claudio Gentili; Pietro Pietrini; Pim Cuijpers
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2017-02-03       Impact factor: 3.240

9.  Effectiveness of psychotherapeutic consultation in the workplace: a controlled observational trial.

Authors:  Eva Rothermund; Harald Gündel; Edit Rottler; Michael Hölzer; Dorothea Mayer; Monika Rieger; Reinhold Kilian
Journal:  BMC Public Health       Date:  2016-08-26       Impact factor: 3.295

Review 10.  An umbrella review of the literature on the effectiveness of psychological interventions for pain reduction.

Authors:  Georgios Markozannes; Eleni Aretouli; Evangelia Rintou; Elena Dragioti; Dimitrios Damigos; Evangelia Ntzani; Evangelos Evangelou; Konstantinos K Tsilidis
Journal:  BMC Psychol       Date:  2017-08-31
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