General Molecular Strategy for Development of Arenavirus Live-Attenuated Vaccines.

UNLABELLED: Hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses (HFA) pose important public health problems in regions where they are endemic. Thus, Lassa virus (LASV) infects several hundred thousand individuals yearly in West Africa, causing a large number of Lassa fever cases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Concerns about human-pathogenic arenaviruses are exacerbated because of the lack of FDA-licensed arenavirus vaccines and because current antiarenaviral therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. The Mopeia virus (MOPV)/LASV reassortant (ML29) is a LASV candidate live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) that has shown promising results in animal models. Nevertheless, the mechanism of ML29 attenuation remains unknown, which raises concerns about the phenotypic stability of ML29 in response to additional mutations. Development of LAVs based on well-defined molecular mechanisms of attenuation will represent a major step in combatting HFA. We used the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to develop a general molecular strategy for arenavirus attenuation. Our approach involved replacement of the noncoding intergenic region (IGR) of the L genome segment with the IGR of the S genome segment to generate a recombinant LCMV, rLCMV(IGR/S-S), that was highly attenuated in vivo but induced protection against a lethal challenge with wild-type LCMV. Attenuation of rLCMV(IGR/S-S) was associated with a stable reorganization of the control of viral gene expression. This strategy can facilitate the rapid development of LAVs with the antigenic composition of the parental HFA and a mechanism of attenuation that minimizes concerns about increased virulence that could be caused by genetic changes in the LAV. IMPORTANCE: Hemorrhagic fever arenaviruses (HFA) cause high morbidity and mortality, and pose important public health problems in the regions where they are endemic. Implementation of live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) will represent a major step in combatting HFA. Here we have used the prototypic arenavirus LCMV to document a general molecular strategy for arenavirus attenuation that can facilitate the rapid development of safe and effective, as well as stable, LAV to combat HFA.