| Literature DB >> 26398875 |
Lúcio Garcia de Oliveira1, Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza1, Lúcia Pereira Barroso2, Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa1, Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida1, Daniel Romero Muñoz1, Vilma Leyton1.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act ("Lei do Descanso"); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26398875 PMCID: PMC4617435 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005944
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Demographic and occupational characteristics of truck drivers, according to their use of amphetamines in the 12 months prior to their interviews. Highways in Sao Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variable | Amphetamine user | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Yes | No | OR | 95%CI | p | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Age (years) | 36.7 (SD = 7.8) | 38.1 (SD = 7.9) | 33.4 (SD = 6.6) | ||||||
| ≤ 38 | 302 | 58.9 | 187 | 51.4 | 115 | 77.2 | 3.20 | 2.08;5.00 | < 0.001* |
| > 38 | 211 | 41.1 | 177 | 48.6 | 34 | 21.8 | 1 | ||
| Schooling (years) | 8.6 (SD = 2.3) | 8.6 (SD = 2.3) | 8.6 (SD = 2.2) | ||||||
| ≤ 9 | 305 | 59.4 | 210 | 57.5 | 95 | 63.8 | 1.29 | 0.88;1.92 | 0.193 |
| > 9 | 209 | 40.6 | 155 | 42.5 | 54 | 35.2 | 1 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single | 94 | 17.9 | 56 | 15.3 | 38 | 25.5 | 1.88 | 1.19;3.00 | < 0.001* |
| Non-single | 420 | 82.1 | 309 | 84.7 | 111 | 74.5 | 1 | ||
| Experience length in the profession (years) | 12.7 (SD = 8.2) | 13.4 (SD = 8.6) | 11.0 (SD = 6.7) | ||||||
| ≤ 11 | 268 | 52.2 | 178 | 48.8 | 90 | 60.4 | 1.60 | 1.09;2.36 | 0.017* |
| > 11 | 246 | 47.8 | 187 | 51.2 | 59 | 39.6 | 1 | ||
| Type of service | |||||||||
| Employed | 307 | 59.9 | 227 | 62.4 | 80 | 53.7 | 1 | 0.069 | |
| Freelance | 206 | 40.1 | 137 | 37.6 | 69 | 46.1 | 1.43 | 0.97;2.10 | |
| Work shift | |||||||||
| Day | 403 | 78.4 | 302 | 82.8 | 101 | 67.8 | 1 | < 0.001* | |
| Night or otherwise | 111 | 21.6 | 63 | 17.2 | 48 | 32.2 | 2.28 | 1.47;3.53 | |
| Daily working hours | 12.2 (SD = 3.9) | 11.7 (SD = 3.9) | 13.3 (SD = 3.6) | ||||||
| ≤ 12 | 340 | 66.2 | 259 | 71.0 | 81 | 54.4 | 1 | < 0.001* | |
| > 12 | 174 | 33.8 | 106 | 29.0 | 68 | 45.6 | 2.05 | 1.38;3.04 | |
| Restless working hours | 4.7 (SD = 2.4) | 4.6 (SD = 2.4) | 5.1 (SD = 2.3) | < 0.001* | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 295 | 57.4 | 223 | 61.1 | 72 | 48.3 | 1 | ||
| > 4 | 219 | 42.6 | 142 | 39.9 | 77 | 51.7 | 1.68 | 1.14;2.46 | |
| Distance traveled (km) | 1159.7 (SD = 1032.2) | 1014.5 (SD = 959.6) | 1515.6 (SD = 1118.6) | < 0.001* | |||||
| ≤ 750 | 188 | 50.0 | 147 | 55.1 | 41 | 37.6 | 1 | ||
| > 750 | 188 | 50.0 | 120 | 44.9 | 68 | 62.4 | 2.03 | 1.29;3.21 | |
| Total | 514 | 100 | 364 | 71.0 | 149 | 29.0 | |||
* Statistically significant values.
Use of alcohol, other drugs, and other mental health aspects from truck drivers, according to their use of amphetamines in the 12 months prior to their interviews. Highways in Sao Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variable | Amphetamine user | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Yes | No | OR | 95%CI | p | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Use of psychoactive substances (year) | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 396 | 77.0 | 270 | 74.0 | 126 | 84.6 | 1.92 | 1.17;3.18 | < 0.010* |
| Other illegal drugs | 24 | 4.7 | 1 | 0.3 | 23 | 15.4 | 66.44 | 8.88;497.6 | < 0.001* |
| Mental health | |||||||||
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | |||||||||
| Good (< 5) | 226 | 44.0 | 165 | 45.2 | 61 | 50.0 | 1 | 0.377 | |
| Bad (≤ 5) | 288 | 56.0 | 200 | 54.8 | 88 | 50.0 | 1.19 | 0.81;1.75 | |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) | 0.805 | ||||||||
| Normal (≤ 10) | 341 | 66.3 | 242 | 66.3 | 99 | 66.4 | 1 | ||
| Moderate (10 < score ≤ 15) | 137 | 26.7 | 99 | 27.1 | 38 | 25.5 | 0.93 | 0.60;1.46 | |
| Serious (≥ 16) | 36 | 7.0 | 24 | 6.6 | 12 | 8.1 | 1.22 | 0.59;2.54 | |
| Number of hours of sleep | 6.8 (SD = 1.7) | 6.9 (SD = 1.6) | 6.5 (SD = 1.9) | 0.079 | |||||
| ≤ 7 | 311 | 60.5 | 212 | 58.1 | 99 | 66.4 | 1.43 | 0.96;2.12 | |
| > 7 | 203 | 39.5 | 153 | 41.9 | 50 | 33.6 | 1 | ||
| Stress (LSSI) | 57 | 11.1 | 38 | 10.4 | 19 | 12.8 | 1.25 | 069;2.25 | 0.449 |
| Psychiatric disorder (MINI Plus) | 34 | 6.6 | 23 | 6.3 | 11 | 7.4 | 1.18 | 0.56;2.59 | 0.660 |
| Total | 514 | 100 | 364 | 71.0 | 149 | 29.0 | |||
LSSI: Lipp Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults; MINI Plus: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale
* Statistically significant values.
Adjusted and unadjusted models on factor related to amphetamine use among truck drivers as self-reported regarding the twelve months prior to their interviews. Highways in Sao Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variable | No adjustment | p | After the adjustment* | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |||
| Age (years) | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||||
| ≤ 38 | 3.20 | 2.08;5.00 | 3.69 | 2.32;6.01 | ||
| > 38 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Schooling (years) | 0.193 | 0.011* | ||||
| ≤ 9 | 1.29 | 0.88;1.92 | 1.76 | 1.14;2.74 | ||
| > 9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | < 0.001* | |||||
| Single | 1.88 | 1.19;3.00* | – | – | – | |
| Non-single | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Years in the profession | < 0.05* | |||||
| ≤ 11 | 1.60 | 1.09;2.36* | – | – | – | |
| > 11 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Type of service | 0.069 | 0.020* | ||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Freelance | 1.43 | 0.97;2.10 | 1.65 | 1.08;2.53 | ||
| Work shift | < 0.001* | 0.003* | ||||
| Daytime | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Night or otherwise | 2.28 | 1.47;3.53* | 2.05 | 1.27;3.29 | ||
| Daily working hours | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||||
| ≤ 12 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| > 12 | 2.05 | 1.38;3.04 | 2.14 | 1.40;3.28 | ||
| Restless working hours | < 0.001* | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 1 | 1 | 0.073 | |||
| > 4 | 1.68 | 1.14;2.46 | 1.46 | 0.96;2.22 | ||
| Distance traveled (km) | < 0.001* | |||||
| ≤ 750 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| > 750 | 2.03 | 1.29;3.21* | – | – | – | |
| Alcohol use (12-month) | < 0.05* | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.043* | |||
| Yes | 1.92 | 1.17;3.18 | 1.74 | 1.03;3.03 | ||
| Other illegal drugs use (12-month) | < 0.001* | |||||
| No | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Yes | 66.44 | 8.88;497.6 | – | – | – | |
| Number of hours of sleep | 0.079 | |||||
| ≤ 7 | 1.28 | 0.96;1.72 | – | – | – | |
| > 7 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
* The effect from mentioned variables as described in Table 3 was controlled for in the adjusted model, with the addition of variables quality of sleep (PSQI), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), stress, and existing psychiatric disorders.
Características demográficas e ocupacionais de motoristas de caminhão, segundo uso de anfetaminas nos 12 meses prévios à entrevista. Rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variável | Usuário de anfetaminas | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Sim | Não | OR | IC95% | p | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Idade (anos) | 36,7 (DP = 7,8) | 38,1 (DP = 7,9) | 33,4 (DP = 6,6) | ||||||
| ≤ 38 | 302 | 58,9 | 187 | 51,4 | 115 | 77,2 | 3,20 | 2,08;5,00 | < 0,001* |
| > 38 | 211 | 41,1 | 177 | 48,6 | 34 | 21,8 | 1 | ||
| Escolaridade (anos) | 8,6 (DP = 2,3) | 8,6 (DP = 2,3) | 8,6 (DP = 2,2) | ||||||
| ≤ 9 | 305 | 59,4 | 210 | 57,5 | 95 | 63,8 | 1,29 | 0,88;1,92 | 0,193 |
| > 9 | 209 | 40,6 | 155 | 42,5 | 54 | 35,2 | 1 | ||
| Estado civil | |||||||||
| Solteiro | 94 | 17,9 | 56 | 15,3 | 38 | 25,5 | 1,88 | 1,19;3,00 | < 0,001* |
| Não-solteiro | 420 | 82,1 | 309 | 84,7 | 111 | 74,5 | 1 | ||
| Experiência na profissão (anos) | 12,7 (DP = 8,2) | 13,4 (DP = 8,6) | 11,0 (DP = 6,7) | ||||||
| ≤ 11 | 268 | 52,2 | 178 | 48,8 | 90 | 60,4 | 1,60 | 1,09;2,36 | 0,017* |
| > 11 | 246 | 47,8 | 187 | 51,2 | 59 | 39,6 | 1 | ||
| Tipo de serviço | |||||||||
| Contratado | 307 | 59,9 | 227 | 62,4 | 80 | 53,7 | 1 | 0,069 | |
| Autônomo | 206 | 40,1 | 137 | 37,6 | 69 | 46,1 | 1,43 | 0,97;2,10 | |
| Turno de trabalho | |||||||||
| Dia | 403 | 78,4 | 302 | 82,8 | 101 | 67,8 | 1 | < 0,001* | |
| Noturno e outros | 111 | 21,6 | 63 | 17,2 | 48 | 32,2 | 2,28 | 1,47;3,53 | |
| Jornada diária (horas) | 12,2 (DP = 3,9) | 11,7 (DP = 3,9) | 13,3 (DP = 3,6) | ||||||
| ≤ 12 | 340 | 66,2 | 259 | 71,0 | 81 | 54,4 | 1 | < 0,001* | |
| > 12 | 174 | 33,8 | 106 | 29,0 | 68 | 45,6 | 2,05 | 1,38;3,04 | |
| Jornada sem descanso (horas) | 4,7 (DP = 2,4) | 4,6 (DP = 2,4) | 5,1 (DP = 2,3) | < 0,001* | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 295 | 57,4 | 223 | 61,1 | 72 | 48,3 | 1 | ||
| > 4 | 219 | 42,6 | 142 | 39,9 | 77 | 51,7 | 1,68 | 1,14;2,46 | |
| Trajetória percorrida (km) | 1159,7 (DP = 1032,2) | 1014,5 (DP = 959,6) | 1515,6 (DP = 1118,6) | < 0,001* | |||||
| ≤ 750 | 188 | 50,0 | 147 | 55,1 | 41 | 37,6 | 1 | ||
| > 750 | 188 | 50,0 | 120 | 44,9 | 68 | 62,4 | 2,03 | 1,29;3,21 | |
| Total | 514 | 100 | 364 | 71,0 | 149 | 29,0 | |||
* Valores com significância estatística.
Uso de álcool, de outras drogas e outros aspectos de saúde mental de motoristas de caminhão, segundo uso de anfetaminas nos 12 meses prévios à entrevista. Rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variável | Usuário de anfetaminas | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Sim | Não | OR | IC95% | p | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
| Uso de substâncias psicoativas (ano) | |||||||||
| Álcool | 396 | 77,0 | 270 | 74,0 | 126 | 84,6 | 1,92 | 1,17;3,18 | < 0,010* |
| Outras drogas ilícitas | 24 | 4,7 | 1 | 0,3 | 23 | 15,4 | 66,44 | 8,88;497,6 | < 0,001* |
| Saúde mental | |||||||||
| Qualidade de sono (PSQI) | |||||||||
| Boa (< 5) | 226 | 44,0 | 165 | 45,2 | 61 | 50,0 | 1 | 0,377 | |
| Ruim (≤ 5) | 288 | 56,0 | 200 | 54,8 | 88 | 50,0 | 1,19 | 0,81;1,75 | |
| Sonolência excessiva diurna (ESE) | 0,805 | ||||||||
| Normal (≤ 10) | 341 | 66,3 | 242 | 66,3 | 99 | 66,4 | 1 | ||
| Moderada (10 < score < 15) | 137 | 26,7 | 99 | 27,1 | 38 | 25,5 | 0,93 | 0,60;1,46 | |
| Grave (≥ 15) | 36 | 7,0 | 24 | 6,6 | 12 | 8,1 | 1,22 | 0,59;2,54 | |
| Número de horas de sono | 6,8 (DP = 1,7) | 6,9 (DP = 1,6) | 6,5 (DP = 1,9) | 0,079 | |||||
| ≤ 7 | 311 | 60,5 | 212 | 58,1 | 99 | 66,4 | 1,43 | 0,96;2,12 | |
| > 7 | 203 | 39,5 | 153 | 41,9 | 50 | 33,6 | 1 | ||
| Estresse (ISSL) | 57 | 11,1 | 38 | 10,4 | 19 | 12,8 | 1,25 | 069;2,25 | 0,449 |
| Transtorno psiquiátrico (MINI Plus) | 34 | 6,6 | 23 | 6,3 | 11 | 7,4 | 1,18 | 0,56;2,59 | 0,660 |
| Total | 514 | 100 | 364 | 71,0 | 149 | 29,0 | |||
ISSL: Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp; MINI Plus: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus; PSQI: Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh; ESE: Escala de Sonolência de Epworth
* Valores com significância estatística.
Modelo sem ajuste e ajustado sobre os fatores relacionados ao uso de anfetaminas entre motoristas de caminhão conforme o relato desse uso nos doze meses prévios à entrevista. Rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 2012-2013. (N = 514)
| Variável | Sem ajuste | p | Após ajuste* | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | IC95% | OR | IC95% | |||
| Idade (anos) | < 0,001* | < 0,001* | ||||
| ≤ 38 | 3,20 | 2,08;5,00 | 3,69 | 2,32;6,01 | ||
| > 38 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Escolaridade (anos) | 0,193 | 0,011* | ||||
| ≤ 9 | 1,29 | 0,88;1,92 | 1,76 | 1,14;2,74 | ||
| > 9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Estado civil | < 0,001* | |||||
| Solteiro | 1,88 | 1,19;3,00* | – | – | – | |
| Não-solteiro | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Anos profissão | < 0,05* | |||||
| ≤ 11 | 1,60 | 1,09;2,36* | – | – | – | |
| > 11 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Tipo de serviço | 0,069 | 0,020* | ||||
| Contratado | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Autônomo | 1,43 | 0,97;2,10 | 1,65 | 1,08;2,53 | ||
| Turno de trabalho | < 0,001* | 0,003* | ||||
| Dia | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Noturno e outros | 2,28 | 1,47;3,53* | 2,05 | 1,27;3,29 | ||
| Jornada diária (horas) | < 0,001* | < 0,001* | ||||
| ≤ 12 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| > 12 | 2,05 | 1,38;3,04 | 2,14 | 1,40;3,28 | ||
| Jornada sem descanso (horas) | < 0,001* | |||||
| ≤ 4 | 1 | 1 | 0,073 | |||
| > 4 | 1,68 | 1,14;2,46 | 1,46 | 0,96;2,22 | ||
| Trajetória percorrida | < 0,001* | |||||
| ≤ 750 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| > 750 | 2,03 | 1,29;3,21* | – | – | – | |
| Álcool | < 0,05* | |||||
| Não | 1 | 1 | 0,043* | |||
| Sim | 1,92 | 1,17;3,18 | 1,74 | 1,03;3,03 | ||
| Outras drogas ilícitas | < 0,001* | |||||
| Não | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Sim | 66,44 | 8,88;497,6 | – | – | – | |
| Número de horas de sono | 0,079 | |||||
| ≤ 7 | 1,28 | 0,96;1,72 | – | – | – | |
| > 7 | 1 | – | – | – | ||
* No modelo ajustado foi controlado o efeito das variáveis citadas e descritas na Tabela 3, acrescentado das variáveis de qualidade de sono (PSQI), sonolência excessiva diurna (ESE), estresse e existência de algum transtorno psiquiátrico.