Michael Karl Fehrenbach1, Matthias Bernhard2, Manuela Siekmeyer2, Norman Lippmann3, Wieland Kiess2, Ulf Nestler4, Jürgen Meixensberger4, Matthias Preuss4. 1. Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany. michael.fehrenbach@medizin.uni-leipzig.de. 2. Department of Pediatrics Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Clinic of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 3. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Clinic of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 4. Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Malaria is a widespread mosquito-borne infectious disease with over 300 million cases and roughly 900 thousand deaths in 2013. Cerebral involvement of malaria causes 50 % of all infection-associated deaths, especially in children below the age of 5 years. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition with abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in physiological cavities and ventricles. Standard treatment is the implantation of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt device. A common problem associated with shunt treatment especially in pediatric patients is infection and consecutive shunt dysfunction caused by bacteriae or high protein levels clogging the valve. In these cases, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are predominantly found in CSF cultures. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 2-year old boy from Saudi Arabia with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP)-shunt-dependent congenital hydrocephalus who suffered from cerebral malaria and developed consecutive shunt failure. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, shunt failure caused by malaria CNS infection with Plasmodium falciparum has not yet been reported in the literature and should be considered as a rare cause of VP-shunt failure in patients with atypical VP-shunt infections living in or traveling from endemic areas.
INTRODUCTION:Malaria is a widespread mosquito-borne infectious disease with over 300 million cases and roughly 900 thousand deaths in 2013. Cerebral involvement of malaria causes 50 % of all infection-associated deaths, especially in children below the age of 5 years. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition with abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in physiological cavities and ventricles. Standard treatment is the implantation of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt device. A common problem associated with shunt treatment especially in pediatric patients is infection and consecutive shunt dysfunction caused by bacteriae or high protein levels clogging the valve. In these cases, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are predominantly found in CSF cultures. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 2-year old boy from Saudi Arabia with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP)-shunt-dependent congenital hydrocephalus who suffered from cerebral malaria and developed consecutive shunt failure. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, shunt failure caused by malaria CNS infection with Plasmodium falciparum has not yet been reported in the literature and should be considered as a rare cause of VP-shunt failure in patients with atypical VP-shunt infections living in or traveling from endemic areas.
Authors: Julia Prusseit; Matthias Simon; Christian von der Brelie; Axel Heep; Ernst Molitor; Sebastian Volz; Arne Simon Journal: Pediatr Neurosurg Date: 2009-11-11 Impact factor: 1.162
Authors: Christopher J L Murray; Katrina F Ortblad; Caterina Guinovart; Stephen S Lim; Timothy M Wolock; D Allen Roberts; Emily A Dansereau; Nicholas Graetz; Ryan M Barber; Jonathan C Brown; Haidong Wang; Herbert C Duber; Mohsen Naghavi; Daniel Dicker; Lalit Dandona; Joshua A Salomon; Kyle R Heuton; Kyle Foreman; David E Phillips; Thomas D Fleming; Abraham D Flaxman; Bryan K Phillips; Elizabeth K Johnson; Megan S Coggeshall; Foad Abd-Allah; Semaw Ferede Abera; Jerry P Abraham; Ibrahim Abubakar; Laith J Abu-Raddad; Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh; Tom Achoki; Austine Olufemi Adeyemo; Arsène Kouablan Adou; José C Adsuar; Emilie Elisabet Agardh; Dickens Akena; Mazin J Al Kahbouri; Deena Alasfoor; Mohammed I Albittar; Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra; Miguel Angel Alegretti; Zewdie Aderaw Alemu; Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho; Samia Alhabib; Raghib Ali; Francois Alla; Peter J Allen; Ubai Alsharif; Elena Alvarez; Nelson Alvis-Guzman; Adansi A Amankwaa; Azmeraw T Amare; Hassan Amini; Walid Ammar; Benjamin O Anderson; Carl Abelardo T Antonio; Palwasha Anwari; Johan Arnlöv; Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic; Ali Artaman; Rana J Asghar; Reza Assadi; Lydia S Atkins; Alaa Badawi; Kalpana Balakrishnan; Amitava Banerjee; Sanjay Basu; Justin Beardsley; Tolesa Bekele; Michelle L Bell; Eduardo Bernabe; Tariku Jibat Beyene; Neeraj Bhala; Ashish Bhalla; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Aref Bin Abdulhak; Agnes Binagwaho; Jed D Blore; Berrak Bora Basara; Dipan Bose; Michael Brainin; Nicholas Breitborde; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Vineet K Chadha; Jung-Chen Chang; Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang; Ting-Wu Chuang; Mercedes Colomar; Leslie Trumbull Cooper; Cyrus Cooper; Karen J Courville; Benjamin C Cowie; Michael H Criqui; Rakhi Dandona; Anand Dayama; Diego De Leo; Louisa Degenhardt; Borja Del Pozo-Cruz; Kebede Deribe; Don C Des Jarlais; Muluken Dessalegn; Samath D Dharmaratne; Uğur Dilmen; Eric L Ding; Tim R Driscoll; Adnan M Durrani; Richard G Ellenbogen; Sergey Petrovich Ermakov; Alireza Esteghamati; Emerito Jose A Faraon; Farshad Farzadfar; Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Mohammad H Forouzanfar; Urbano Fra Paleo; Lynne Gaffikin; Amiran Gamkrelidze; Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé; Johanna M Geleijnse; Bradford D Gessner; Katherine B Gibney; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Elizabeth L Glaser; Philimon Gona; Atsushi Goto; Hebe N Gouda; Harish Chander Gugnani; Rajeev Gupta; Rahul Gupta; Nima Hafezi-Nejad; Randah Ribhi Hamadeh; Mouhanad Hammami; Graeme J Hankey; Hilda L Harb; Josep Maria Haro; Rasmus Havmoeller; Simon I Hay; Mohammad T Hedayati; Ileana B Heredia Pi; Hans W Hoek; John C Hornberger; H Dean Hosgood; Peter J Hotez; Damian G Hoy; John J Huang; Kim M Iburg; Bulat T Idrisov; Kaire Innos; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Panniyammakal Jeemon; Paul N Jensen; Vivekanand Jha; Guohong Jiang; Jost B Jonas; Knud Juel; Haidong Kan; Ida Kankindi; Nadim E Karam; André Karch; Corine Kakizi Karema; Anil Kaul; Norito Kawakami; Dhruv S Kazi; Andrew H Kemp; Andre Pascal Kengne; Andre Keren; Maia Kereselidze; Yousef Saleh Khader; Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa; Ejaz Ahmed Khan; Young-Ho Khang; Irma Khonelidze; Yohannes Kinfu; Jonas M Kinge; Luke Knibbs; Yoshihiro Kokubo; S Kosen; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Veena S Kulkarni; Chanda Kulkarni; Kaushalendra Kumar; Ravi B Kumar; G Anil Kumar; Gene F Kwan; Taavi Lai; Arjun Lakshmana Balaji; Hilton Lam; Qing Lan; Van C Lansingh; Heidi J Larson; Anders Larsson; Jong-Tae Lee; James Leigh; Mall Leinsalu; Ricky Leung; Yichong Li; Yongmei Li; Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima; Hsien-Ho Lin; Steven E Lipshultz; Shiwei Liu; Yang Liu; Belinda K Lloyd; Paulo A Lotufo; Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado; Jennifer H Maclachlan; Carlos Magis-Rodriguez; Marek Majdan; Christopher Chabila Mapoma; Wagner Marcenes; Melvin Barrientos Marzan; Joseph R Masci; Mohammad Taufiq Mashal; Amanda J Mason-Jones; Bongani M Mayosi; Tasara T Mazorodze; Abigail Cecilia Mckay; Peter A Meaney; Man Mohan Mehndiratta; Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez; Yohannes Adama Melaku; Ziad A Memish; Walter Mendoza; Ted R Miller; Edward J Mills; Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad; Ali H Mokdad; Glen Liddell Mola; Lorenzo Monasta; Marcella Montico; Ami R Moore; Rintaro Mori; Wilkister Nyaora Moturi; Mitsuru Mukaigawara; Kinnari S Murthy; Aliya Naheed; Kovin S Naidoo; Luigi Naldi; Vinay Nangia; K M Venkat Narayan; Denis Nash; Chakib Nejjari; Robert G Nelson; Sudan Prasad Neupane; Charles R Newton; Marie Ng; Muhammad Imran Nisar; Sandra Nolte; Ole F Norheim; Vincent Nowaseb; Luke Nyakarahuka; In-Hwan Oh; Takayoshi Ohkubo; Bolajoko O Olusanya; Saad B Omer; John Nelson Opio; Orish Ebere Orisakwe; Jeyaraj D Pandian; Christina Papachristou; Angel J Paternina Caicedo; Scott B Patten; Vinod K Paul; Boris Igor Pavlin; Neil Pearce; David M Pereira; Aslam Pervaiz; Konrad Pesudovs; Max Petzold; Farshad Pourmalek; Dima Qato; Amado D Quezada; D Alex Quistberg; Anwar Rafay; Kazem Rahimi; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Sajjad Ur Rahman; Murugesan Raju; Saleem M Rana; Homie Razavi; Robert Quentin Reilly; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Jan Hendrik Richardus; Luca Ronfani; Nobhojit Roy; Nsanzimana Sabin; Mohammad Yahya Saeedi; Mohammad Ali Sahraian; Genesis May J Samonte; Monika Sawhney; Ione J C Schneider; David C Schwebel; Soraya Seedat; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Edson E Servan-Mori; Sara Sheikhbahaei; Kenji Shibuya; Hwashin Hyun Shin; Ivy Shiue; Rupak Shivakoti; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Donald H Silberberg; Andrea P Silva; Edgar P Simard; Jasvinder A Singh; Vegard Skirbekk; Karen Sliwa; Samir Soneji; Sergey S Soshnikov; Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy; Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou; Konstantinos Stroumpoulis; Soumya Swaminathan; Bryan L Sykes; Karen M Tabb; Roberto Tchio Talongwa; Eric Yeboah Tenkorang; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Alan J Thomson; Andrew L Thorne-Lyman; Jeffrey A Towbin; Jefferson Traebert; Bach X Tran; Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene; Miltiadis Tsilimbaris; Uche S Uchendu; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Selen Begüm Uzun; Andrew J Vallely; Tommi J Vasankari; N Venketasubramanian; Francesco S Violante; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Stein Emil Vollset; Stephen Waller; Mitchell T Wallin; Linhong Wang; XiaoRong Wang; Yanping Wang; Scott Weichenthal; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert G Weintraub; Ronny Westerman; Richard A White; James D Wilkinson; Thomas Neil Williams; Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes; John Q Wong; Gelin Xu; Yang C Yang; Yuichiro Yano; Gokalp Kadri Yentur; Paul Yip; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Kim Yun Jin; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Yong Zhao; Yingfeng Zheng; Maigeng Zhou; Jun Zhu; Xiao Nong Zou; Alan D Lopez; Theo Vos Journal: Lancet Date: 2014-07-22 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Adela Nacer; Alexandru Movila; Kerstin Baer; Sebastian A Mikolajczak; Stefan H I Kappe; Ute Frevert Journal: PLoS Pathog Date: 2012-10-25 Impact factor: 6.823