Biodiversity inventories in high gear: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive biotic surveys, or 'all taxon biodiversity inventories' (ATBI), have traditionally been limited in scale or scope due to the complications surrounding specimen sorting and species identification. To circumvent these issues, several ATBI projects have successfully integrated DNA barcoding into their identification procedures and witnessed acceleration in their surveys and subsequent increase in project scope and scale. The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario partnered with the rare Charitable Research Reserve and delegates of the 6th International Barcode of Life Conference to complete its own rapid, barcode-assisted ATBI of an established land trust in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. NEW INFORMATION: The existing species inventory for the rare Charitable Research Reserve was rapidly expanded by integrating a DNA barcoding workflow with two surveying strategies - a comprehensive sampling scheme over four months, followed by a one-day bioblitz involving international taxonomic experts. The two surveys resulted in 25,287 and 3,502 specimens barcoded, respectively, as well as 127 human observations. This barcoded material, all vouchered at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario collection, covers 14 phyla, 29 classes, 117 orders, and 531 families of animals, plants, fungi, and lichens. Overall, the ATBI documented 1,102 new species records for the nature reserve, expanding the existing long-term inventory by 49%. In addition, 2,793 distinct Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were assigned to genus or higher level taxonomy, and represent additional species that will be added once their taxonomy is resolved. For the 3,502 specimens, the collection, sequence analysis, taxonomic assignment, data release and manuscript submission by 100+ co-authors all occurred in less than one week. This demonstrates the speed at which barcode-assisted inventories can be completed and the utility that barcoding provides in minimizing and guiding valuable taxonomic specialist time. The final product is more than a comprehensive biotic inventory - it is also a rich dataset of fine-scale occurrence and sequence data, all archived and cross-linked in the major biodiversity data repositories. This model of rapid generation and dissemination of essential biodiversity data could be followed to conduct regional assessments of biodiversity status and change, and potentially be employed for evaluating progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.

Introduction

It is now universally accepted that we have entered a period of unprecedented global biodiversity loss (Simberloff 1996, Pimm et al. 1995, Pimm et al. 2014), and quantifying this diversity rapidly and on a massive scale is required to begin the challenging process of halting this trend. The completion of biodiversity inventories at various geographic and time scales can contribute to national and international assessments of biodiversity knowledge, deemed necessary by the newly established Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (Díaz et al. 2015). These assessments are fundamental for evaluating progress towards – and potentially reaching – the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 (https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/). Specifically, biodiversity inventories address a component of Aichi target 19, to improve and disseminate biodiversity knowledge, particularly its status and trends.

Even prior to the concept’s introduction (Janzen and Hallwachs 1994), several ‘all taxon biodiversity inventories’ (ATBI) and similar initiatives emerged to document large blocks of life in a circumscribed region or protected area. These comprehensive biotic surveys, particularly those in tropical locales, have traditionally been mired at the stage of specimen sorting and species identification. The taxonomic impediment – the shortage of taxonomic information and the gaps in our taxonomic knowledge – have severely limited and slowed the sorting and naming of collected material (Janzen 1993, Lawton et al. 1998, Janzen 2004). The integration of DNA barcoding however, has simplified, accelerated, and democratized this task (Hebert et al. 2003, Packer et al. 2009, Cristescu 2014, Joly et al. 2014). Several ATBI projects have now successfully integrated DNA barcoding into their identification procedures, observed this acceleration, and in many cases, even increased the scope or scale of their project as a result. A few notable ATBIs that have incorporated DNA barcoding for species identification include projects in the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica (Janzen et al. 2009), Churchill, Canada (Zhou et al. 2009), Great Smoky Mountains, United States (Zhou et al. 2011), Madang, Papua New Guinea (Novotny et al. 2007), Moorea, French Polynesia (Check 2006), Zackenberg, Greenland (Wirta et al. 2015), and Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia (Merckx et al. 2015).​

Following this model, the present study introduces DNA barcoding to a long-term biotic inventorying effort being conducted in a temperate nature reserve. The objective is to gauge the effect of adding this tool, in terms of both acceleration and increase of taxonomic scope, while concurrently constructing a reference DNA barcode library to facilitate future research and monitoring at this site. The existing inventory is expanded by employing two surveying strategies – a longer and comprehensive invertebrate trapping scheme, followed by a concentrated effort involving taxonomic experts in the form of a bioblitz (Lundmark 2003). In both cases, DNA barcoding is employed to sort the material rapidly into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), provide taxonomic assignment at varying levels of resolution depending on the taxon group, and organize the OTUs and linked specimen vouchers for examination by experts. The results demonstrate the speed at which barcode-assisted surveys can be completed, the role that barcoding plays in limiting and optimizing valuable taxonomic specialist time, and ultimately, a scalable model for rapid biotic surveys and dissemination of the rich biodiversity data captured. The product is not merely a comprehensive biotic inventory, but also a rich dataset of fine-scale occurrence and sequence data, all stored and cross-linked in several public biodiversity data repositories.

Materials and methods

Study Site and Existing Species Inventory

The is a 365+ hectare land reserve which was set aside in 2001 to preserve the cultural history and ecological integrity of the area, while providing opportunities for scientific research and public education within the context of an urbanized region. It is located at the confluence of the Speed and Grand Rivers in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada (43.381128, -80.357807), where the Carolinian and Northern Hardwood forests also meet. The reserve contains a diversity of habitats including existing and reclaimed agricultural lands, wetlands, floodplains, shrub thickets, limestone cliffs and alvars, cold-water creeks, and old growth forest. Due to these diverse habitats, as well as the organization’s mandate to facilitate scientific research, has been the site of a variety of innovative research studies, including studies on fern genetics (Henry et al. 2014), prairie community establishment (Harvey and MacDougall 2014), and pollination services (Woodcock et al. 2014). For the present study, we chose sampling sites to encompass a wide range of habitats within the area. In advance of the bioblitz, sampling was conducted within an alvar, reclaimed agricultural fields, forest edges, and a wetland (Fig. 1). Six additional sites were sampled for the bioblitz: terrestrial and aquatic sampling was performed at the Grand River, Blair Flats Wetland, and Cruickston Creek; terrestrial sampling was conducted at an alvar, a cedar stand, and a silver maple wetland (Fig. 1​​). The wetlands on the reserve are part of the Barrie's Lake Bauman Creek Wetland Complex, which has been classified as a Provincially Significant Wetland by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Much of the property is also considered locally significant by the Regional Municipality of Waterloo.

Figure 1.

Map indicating habitat types and sampling sites for the 2015 biotic survey conducted at in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.

Prior to this study, 2,246 species had been recorded at , including birds (231), mammals (37), insects (832), plants (836), mosses (63) and lichens (21) (Suppl. material 1​​​; note that 218 species still require confirmation, denoted by parentheses). These observations have come from a variety of sources including staff and advisors, citizen scientists, and academic researchers, some of whom have made notable contributions to this inventory, such as Woodcock et al. 2014 who added 150 species of pollinators. Others have provided observations of rarely encountered species, such as the rove beetles (Olivier, 1795) (first record for North America) and (Olivier, 1794) (previously known from the east coast of Canada, now present in Ontario) (Brunke and Majka 2010). The reserve also hosts several species that fall on the provincial or national lists of conservation concern: 1% of the total have a status ranging from special concern, threatened or endangered (15, 6 and 7 species, respectively), while 1.5% have an undefined status of rare or uncommon (15 and 19 species, respectively). Several of these species, such as the barn swallow [ (Linnaeus, 1758)], which has been nationally listed as threatened since 2011, are the subjects of active recovery projects at . Similar to many species inventories, list is evidently more complete for charismatic and well-studied taxa, such as birds, butterflies and vascular plants. The observations for these groups would be enabled by excellent field guides and the disproportionate interest of citizen scientists; the opposite would be the case for most invertebrate taxa, and inventory reflects this. If it is assumed that the proportions of major taxonomic groups inhabiting this reserve resemble those for similar temperate sites (e.g., Great Smoky Mountains: Sharkey 2001) or the Canadian terrestrial and freshwater biota in general (Mosquin et al. 1995), this inventory is deficient in several major groups such as insects, arachnids, nematodes, fungi and lichens. The supporting data for most species entries are also lacking, such as specific locality, date or identifier of each observation. In addition, the bioblitz has highlighted errors in the inventory which may have been present due to the compilation of observations from a variety of sources including non-experts. Furthermore, nearly all observations are not supported by voucher specimens or images to permit verification (Bortolus 2008).

Survey Strategies and Specimen Collection

Two strategies were employed in an effort to maximize the diversity of organisms inventoried. The first was a comprehensive collecting scheme executed over a period of approximately four months (May to August 2015). It involved a variety of targeted taxa and techniques, but heavily favoured the collection of terrestrial arthropods by passive trapping. Four Malaise traps were set up in various habitats around the property (Fig. 1) and were serviced weekly. Three pitfall traps were set up in close proximity to each Malaise trap and serviced in parallel. From May 25-31 and July 6-12, 2015, 'standardized sampling' procedures developed by the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario were employed at three different sites at (Fig. 1). Standardized sampling includes 20 pitfall traps, 10 pan traps, three litter and/or soil samples for Berlese funnels, one flight intercept trap and one Malaise trap – all deployed for a total of seven days. Standardized sampling also includes 60 total minutes of sweep netting, which is performed in three sessions with four collectors sweep netting for five consecutive minutes simultaneously. Each session is pooled into one sample and preserved in 95% ethanol. Passive traps (pitfall, pan, intercept) were deployed with soapy water and serviced every two days, while the Malaise trap used 95% ethanol and ran for the duration of the collecting period. All specimens collected through this standardized sampling routine were consolidated into individual jars for each technique. From July 23 to Aug 13, 2015, at least two ultraviolet light traps were deployed for one night per week; each trap was left overnight using ethyl acetate as a killing agent. On August 5, 2015, several aquatic samples were collected using stable dip nets for surber sampling, deploying hand nets along the stream banks and selective turning of stones to recover macroinvertebrates hiding below. Then the sample was passed through a 50 µm mesh net to capture the smaller invertebrates. All specimens collected from these samples were preserved in 95% ethanol. This first strategy of comprehensive sampling over several months was conducted by technical staff, including undergraduate students, and completed on Aug 15, 2015.

The second strategy for surveying the reserve was a more concentrated effort and involved taxonomic experts – the execution of a bioblitz (Lundmark 2003). Termed the ' BioBlitz', the event involved 113 participants from 31 institutions and coincided with the 6th International Barcode of Life Conference (Adamowicz 2015​). Collection efforts at the bioblitz were focused on six sites selected based on habitat diversity, proximity, and potential species diversity (Fig. 1​​). Sampling efforts were concentrated between 1-3 pm and 9-11 pm and targeted taxa that fell within the expertise of the participants and in groups underrepresented in the inventory (e.g., spiders, parasitic wasps, mites, nematodes, fungi, and lichens). Various methods for collecting both terrestrial and aquatic arthropods were employed, including dip nets, seine nets, sweep netting, and plankton netting. Small teams surveyed the property and adjacent rivers for taxonomic groups not collected in the four previous months, including fungi, lichens, and vascular plants. Since the inventory is fairly complete for vascular plants (836 species), an effort was made to barcode all species of Blair Flats, a tall grass prairie site that is an active research site (e.g., Harvey and MacDougall 2014​). For these taxa, specimens were collected in the field into bags and processed afterward (e.g., pressed and dried onto herbarium sheets). Fungal specimens were collected and processed in a similar manner. Several taxa were targeted for sightings only, where no voucher specimens were collected; these groups included fish, birds, bats, herptiles and odonates (for bat sightings protocol, see Suppl. material 2​). All collected specimens were sorted and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible by the appropriate expert, both on site and following the event from August 16-20, 2015. Vertebrates, plants, fungi and lichens were almost all identified to species, while most invertebrate specimens were assigned to order or family prior to analysis. Invertebrate specimens were either stored in 95% ethanol or pinned after collection. For all invertebrate, plant, and fungal taxa, voucher specimens were collected where possible and deposited in the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario's natural history collection (BIOUG) or herbarium (BIO-OAC) for permanent storage (Schilthuizen et al. 2015).

DNA Barcode Analysis

Both surveying strategies provided a large number of specimens that were sorted and prepared for subsequent DNA barcode analyses at the Canadian Centre for DNA barcoding (CCDB; www.ccdb.ca). A total of 25,287 specimens were sequenced from collection efforts from May to August 2015, followed by 3,502 specimens directly following the BioBlitz on Aug 16, 2015. Tissue samples were prepared in 96-well plate format and when necessary, the whole specimen proceeded through lysis and was recovered as voucher from the filter plate (Porco et al. 2010​). Tissue lysis and DNA extraction varied slightly for different taxa (Suppl. material 3), but followed standard CCDB procedures (Ivanova et al. 2006, deWaard et al. 2008, Ivanova et al. 2008, Ivanova et al. 2011, Fazekas et al. 2012​).

One or more standard DNA barcode markers were targeted for each major group of organisms: for animals, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) (Hebert et al. 2003); for plants, the plastid marker rbcL (Hollingsworth et al. 2009) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) marker (Hollingsworth 2011, Schoch et al. 2012); and for fungi and lichens (where only the fungal component was targeted), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) marker (Schoch et al. 2012). PCR amplification, cycle sequencing and sequence analysis followed typical CCDB protocols (Ivanova and Grainger 2006, Kuzmina and Ivanova 2011). The primer cocktails used for PCR and sequencing are detailed in Suppl. material 3​. The sequences were manually assembled and edited before upload to in the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD, www.boldsystems.org) (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007​). The DNA extracts for all specimens are stored in the DNA Archive of the CCDB where they are available for additional study.

Barcode Index Numbers and Taxonomic Assignment

For the sequences derived from animal specimens, the records were assigned operational taxonomic units (OTUs) called Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) by the Refined Single Linkage (RESL) algorithm implemented on BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013). For the sequences that have at least 500 bp coverage of the barcode region, < 1% ambiguous bases, and no stop codon or contamination flags, the RESL algorithm calculates the number of clusters and their membership (see Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013​). The RESL algorithm runs weekly on all qualifying barcode sequences in BOLD, which as of August 2015, includes 5M specimens and 420K BINs. The BIN system is accessible through public, individual ‘BIN pages’ and permits rapid diversity assessments, even in the absence of taxonomic information. BINs show a high concordance with traditional taxonomic species names and can be used as a reliable proxy for species.

For each specimen that was assigned an existing BIN, the record received the existing identification of the BIN to the lowest level that did not have taxonomic conflict. For each specimen assigned a new BIN for BOLD, the sequence was queried through the BOLD Identification Engine (BOLD-ID Engine; http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS_OpenIdEngine). Identifications were applied based on sequence similarity (<15% for family, <5% for genus) if the query sequence fell within a monophyletic cluster of BINs assigned to this family or genus. For animal records that did not receive BINs (<500bp), the sequence was similarly queried through the BOLD-ID Engine, but used a <2% similarity cutoff for assignment to species, in addition to the genus and family thresholds. Following this, a neighbour-joining tree was constructed and examined for unexpected placements which might indicate overlooked contamination events or analytical error. Finally, specimens and images were inspected morphologically to check for errors and refine the assigned taxonomy where possible.

Data resources

Collection data, taxonomic assignment, sequence, electropherograms and primer details for each specimen record, and often a high resolution image, are available on BOLD in the public dataset, " BioBlitz 2015 [DS-RBB15]" (http://dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-RBB15 or http://boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_Management_OpenDataSet?datasetcode=DS-RBB15). The sequence data for each successfully barcoded specimen were deposited to GenBank by using the 'Submit to GenBank' function in the BOLD workbench (see ​Suppl. material 4​ for accession numbers).

With the 'Data Spreadsheets' function in the BOLD workbench, the complete dataset was downloaded and reformatted into a Darwin Core Archive (Suppl. material 5) for upload to the Canadensys repository (http://www.canadensys.net), Canada's national node for the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (http://www.gbif.org). The online resource (http://doi.org/10.5886/hh6td9jn) contains all records of the 2015 inventory, including human observations. The citation for the resource is as follows:

Telfer A, Young MR, Quinn J, Perez K, Sobel CN, Sones JE, Levesque-Beaudin V, Derbyshire R, Fernandez-Triana J, Rougerie R, Hebert PDN, deWaard JR and contributors* (2015+). Inventory and BioBlitz Records from . 28,916 records. Online at http://data.canadensys.net/ipt/resource.do?r=rare_inventory, http://doi.org/10.5886/hh6td9jn, and http://www.gbif.org/dataset/09e90dfb-5b1b-4dd9-a796-e2fba53d26f0, released on 2015-08-20, version 1. GBIF key: 09e90dfb-5b1b-4dd9-a796-e2fba53d26f0.

* See Suppl. material 6​ for complete list of contributors, institutions and email addresses

Checklists

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The first of five checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains members of Phylum and Phylum (Class and Class up to Order ).

Leidy, 1870

Linnaeus, 1758

Blackwall, 1846

Blackwall, 1846

Notes

BOLD:AAB8212

Hentz, 1847

L. Koch, 1866

BOLD:AAD6926

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAN6394

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAC6924

Walckenaer, 1805

BOLD:AAD7855

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAA4125

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAB8544

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAA8399

Lucas, 1833

BOLD:AAB7933

Forsskål, 1775

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAL4913

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAB7935

Banks, 1904

Sundevall, 1831

BOLD:ABX6180

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAN6264

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAA8999

Clerck, 1757

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAB7330

Keyserling, 1865

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAI4456|BOLD:ACE4103

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAA4123

L. Koch, 1866

BOLD:AAD1564

Gertsch, 1941

Gertsch, 1941

BOLD:AAN4847

L. Koch, 1867

BOLD:AAI4085

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:AAD5417

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAI4087

Emerton, 1890

BOLD:AAC8284

Chamberlin & Ivie, 1940

BOLD:AAI4031

Keyserling, 1887

BOLD:AAF3046

Chamberlin, 1919

BOLD:AAI6249

Emerton, 1888

BOLD:AAL1061

Emerton, 1915

BOLD:AAB2306

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAI6247

Keyserling, 1881

BOLD:AAB1638|BOLD:ACE2869

Blackwall, 1846

Kaston, 1945

BOLD:AAI6251

Ivie, 1947

BOLD:AAI9209

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAA7272

Emerton, 1890

BOLD:AAD8676

Banks, 1896

BOLD:AAI9037

Banks, 1896

BOLD:AAC3779

C. L. Koch, 1839

BOLD:AAD0462

Hentz, 1832

BOLD:AAF2106

Sundevall, 1831

BOLD:AAC6612

Walckenaer, 1837

BOLD:ACV6055

Barrows, 1945

BOLD:AAA8914

Chamberlin, 1922

Keyserling, 1887

BOLD:ACV5090

Gertsch, 1934

BOLD:AAG9583

Keyserling, 1886

BOLD:AAE3860

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAN6265

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAH0003

Emerton, 1911

BOLD:AAC5851

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAC9112

Blackwall, 1841

BOLD:AAA4132

O. P.-Cambridge, 1874

BOLD:AAI3701

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAF1318

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAD2101

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:ACF8798

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAI5447

Emerton, 1909

BOLD:ACR6338

Emerton, 1925

BOLD:ACV5182

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAM9146

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAH0004

Blackwall, 1833

BOLD:ACE5877

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAH0001

Crosby & Bishop, 1928

BOLD:ACE9601

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAE0825

Dondale, 1959

BOLD:AAD1498

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:ACV5737

Keyserling, 1886

BOLD:AAB9520

O. P.-Cambridge, 1875

BOLD:AAB4233

Emerton, 1914

BOLD:ACL4554

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAC8898

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAF4994

Sundevall, 1830

BOLD:AAA8358|BOLD:AAB7327

Clerck, 1757

Banks, 1892

Hentz, 1850

Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943

Millidge, 1976

BOLD:AAC9060

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAG5631

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAI8098

O. P.-Cambridge, 1874

BOLD:AAH8313

Millidge, 1983

BOLD:AAH8314

Kaston, 1945

BOLD:ACT1115

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAH8314

Gertsch, 1934

BOLD:ACW1682

Blackwall, 1846

BOLD:AAC7802

Hentz, 1844

BOLD:AAB7668

Blackwall, 1846

BOLD:AAA5090

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAB0863

Hentz, 1844

BOLD:AAB7667

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAB6784

Kulczynski, 1885

BOLD:AAC5349

Wallace & Exline, 1978

BOLD:ABZ5613

Emerton, 1885

BOLD:AAE4247

Walckenaer, 1837

BOLD:AAD3880

Roewer, 1951

BOLD:AAC4687

Montgomery, 1904

BOLD:AAH0055

Hentz, 1844

BOLD:AAA7232

De Geer, 1778

BOLD:AAB0726

Thorell, 1856

BOLD:AAB0727

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAG5658

Gertsch & Mulaik, 1940

BOLD:AAK6284

Chamberlin, 1923

Walckenaer, 1802

BOLD:AAB3836

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAI2838

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAD2665

Dondale

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAM7986

Menge, 1875

BOLD:AAA7188

Walckenaer, 1802

BOLD:AAA7188

Emerton, 1911

BOLD:AAC7234

Emerton, 1890

BOLD:AAK7452

Giebel, 1869

BOLD:ACI5773

Hentz, 1844

Walckenaer, 1837

BOLD:AAI2721

Hentz, 1845

BOLD:AAA5654

Peckham & Peckham, 1883

BOLD:AAC0342|BOLD:ACL8050

Blackwall, 1846

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAG0312

Hentz, 1846

BOLD:AAC2433

Peckham & Peckham, 1888

BOLD:AAD9221

Walckenaer, 1837

BOLD:AAB2930

Banks, 1892

BOLD:AAB2928

Walckenaer, 1837

Hentz, 1845

Keyserling, 1885

Clerck, 1757

Peckham and Peckham, 1883

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:ACL8115

Peckham, 1891

BOLD:AAW8769

Banks, 1895

BOLD:AAF6387

Peckham & Peckham, 1888

BOLD:ACA1490

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAB8714

McCook, 1894

BOLD:AAE5304

C. L. Koch, 1845

BOLD:AAF1571

C. L. Koch, 1845

BOLD:ACO7247|BOLD:ACP5884|BOLD:ACU5364

Emerton, 1884

BOLD:AAE3958|BOLD:ACN4034|BOLD:AAP3715

Linnaeus, 1758

O. P.-Cambridge, 1889

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAA6381|BOLD:ACR6860

Levi, 1981

BOLD:AAB7995

Emerton, 1884

BOLD:AAD7095

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAG5659|BOLD:AAN6335

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAF4974

Fickert, 1876

BOLD:AAO3896

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAA6910

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAJ0542

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAN6263

Hentz, 1850

BOLD:AAB0273

Linnaeus, 1767

BOLD:AAK8332|BOLD:ACN7831

Levi, 1980

C. L. Koch, 1841

BOLD:AAC0175

Banks, 1895

BOLD:AAV3042

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAC3269

Becker, 1879

BOLD:AAG1794

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAC6350

Levi, 1954

BOLD:AAD2291

Emerton, 1882

BOLD:AAE7853

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAG4815

Hentz, 1847

BOLD:ACE7683

Clerck, 1757

BOLD:AAA6275

Walckenaer, 1837

Keyserling, 1880

Banks, 1895

C. L. Koch, 1837

BOLD:AAC7413

Walckenaer, 1837

BOLD:ABY7475

Keyserling, 1887

BOLD:AAJ9685

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAJ9718|BOLD:ACV2014|BOLD:ACV5078

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAC1568

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAB4300

Keyserling, 1880

C. L. Koch, 1845

BOLD:AAF8190

Keyserling, 1880

BOLD:AAD2346

Turnbull, Dondale & Redner, 1965

BOLD:AAM6956

Walckenaer, 1841

BOLD:AAJ7823

Sellnick, 1940

BOLD:ACF8021

Willmann, 1935

C. L. Koch, 1836

BOLD:AAM8194

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAI4346

Herbst, 1799

BOLD:ABW0506

Weed, 1893

BOLD:AAH7061

Wood, 1868

Nicolet, 1855

BOLD:AAF9090

Nicolet, 1855

BOLD:ACE3149

Aoki, 1965

BOLD:AAF9274

Banks, 1895

BOLD:AAF9173

Koch, 1839

BOLD:AAH6516|BOLD:ACB6310

Koch, 1836

BOLD:AAF0868

Nicolet, 1855

BOLD:ACI4357

Ewing, 1907

BOLD:AAF9097

Trägårdh, 1910

BOLD:AAM3402|BOLD:AAM4355

Marshall, 1908

BOLD:AAE6722

De Melo and Hebert, 1994

Hann, 1982

C.L.Koch, 1837

BOLD:AAG8560

Meinert, 1868

BOLD:AAH6432

Schott, 1896

BOLD:ACE5102

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:ACL6239

Uzel, 1891

Linnaeus, 1767

BOLD:AAA8726

Boerner, 1901

BOLD:AAA9292

Schaffer, 1896

Ågren, 1904

BOLD:AAI3738

Fabricius, 1783

Fitch, 1862

BOLD:AAB3495|BOLD:AAB3496

Leach, 1815

BOLD:AAM7944

Wood, 1864

BOLD:AAH7472

Latzel, 1884

BOLD:AAH7469

Newport, 1843

Say, 1823

LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849

BOLD:ACF8552

Casey, 1895

BOLD:ABX0657

Marseul, 1879

BOLD:AAQ1028

Forster, 1770

BOLD:AAO1339

LeConte, 1876

BOLD:AAU7341

Lacordaire, 1835

Fabricius, 1801

BOLD:ABW1696

Say, 1823

Linnaeus, 1758

DeGeer, 1774

Scopoli, 1763

Fabricius, 1801

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAE9008

Casey, 1920

Mannerheim, 1853

Say, 1823

Haldeman, 1843

BOLD:AAM7658

LeConte, 1847

BOLD:AAU7150

Audinet-Serville, 1821

BOLD:AAP9490

LeConte, 1846

Linnaeus, 1758

Müller, 1764

Dejean, 1826

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAH0274

Linnaeus, 1758

LeConte, 1857

Kirby, 1837

Dejean, 1825

BOLD:AAH0212

Hentz, 1830

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAH0141

Say, 1823

Illiger, 1798

Barber, 1947

Say, 1826

Say, 1826

Say, 1826

Brown

Fabricius, 1798

Fabricius, 1775

Brown, 1938

Olivier

Fabricius, 1775

Olivier, 1795

Olivier, 1795

BOLD:AAD4513

Olivier, 1790

Fabricius, 1787

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAI7042

Crotch, 1873

Forster, 1771

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAH0019

Fabricius

Swederus, 1787

Gahan, 1908

Blatchley, 1913

Say, 1824

Laicharting, 1781

Melsheimer, 1847

F. E. Melsheimer, 1847

Forster, 1771

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAE9431

Say, 1824

Olivier

Fitch, 1858

LeConte, 1873

Casey, 1893

Crotch, 1873

LeConte, 1863

BOLD:ABX9329

Illiger, 1807

Müller, 1776

BOLD:AAO0522

Lazorko, 1974

BOLD:AAG4462

Chevrolat in Guérin-Méneville, 1834

BOLD:AAL0908

Harris, 1851

BOLD:ABA9101

Pierce, 1940

Fabricius, 1798

Fabricius, 1798

Linnaeus, 1767

BOLD:AAL2945

J. L. LeConte, 1865

BOLD:ACF8270

Wilcox, 1954

BOLD:ABA3960|BOLD:ACF6671

Fabricius, 1801

BOLD:AAL5267

Laicharting, 1781

Paykull, 1799

BOLD:AAU6967

Fabricius, 1792

Marsham, 1802

Paykull, 1799

Blake, 1931

BOLD:AAG4458

Say, 1824

BOLD:ABA6335|BOLD:ACJ0239

Ziegler, 1845

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAU6910

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAU6970

Say, 1823

Newman

Say, 1835

Olivier, 1795

BOLD:AAP8584

Say, 1835

BOLD:ABA6311

Linnaeus, 1758

De Geer, 1775

BOLD:AAD7604

Timberlake

Melsheimer, 1847

Pallas, 1773

BOLD:AAB5640

Fabricius, 1775

BOLD:AAH3305

Goeze, 1777

Say, 1826

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAF6935

Linnaeus, 1758

Say

Weise, 1891

BOLD:AAN6149

LeConte, 1878

BOLD:AAU7040

Gyllenhal, 1827

BOLD:ABA2914

Zimmermann, 1869

LeConte, 1876

BOLD:AAU6930

Boheman, 1834

BOLD:AAG5192

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAU7331

Scopoli, 1763

Stierlin 1894

BOLD:ACA3052

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAY6533

Fitch, 1855

BOLD:ACD0202

Linnaeus 1758

BOLD:AAM7726

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAF9187

Swaine, 1915

BOLD:ABW5076

Gyllenhal, 1834

BOLD:AAO4332

Bonsdorff, 1785

Stephens, 1831

BOLD:AAM7740

Niijima 1909

BOLD:AAB2754

Ratzeburg, 1837

BOLD:AAB9578

Fabricius, 1792

BOLD:AAD0158

Blandford, 1894

BOLD:AAF7523

Aubé, 1838

Say, 1836

Say, 1823

BOLD:ACM2015

Say, 1839

BOLD:AAU7141

Herbst, 1801

BOLD:AAH2376

Say, 1833

BOLD:ACA3849

LeConte, 1853

BOLD:ACR3975

Kirby, 1837

Melsheimer, 1844

BOLD:ACV5201

Herbst, 1806

BOLD:AAH2370

Brown, 1934

Herbst, 1806

Paykull, 1800

BOLD:AAH2378

Newman, 1838

Newman, 1838

BOLD:ACI7114

Lacordaire, 1842

Say, 1825

Say, 1826

Say, 1825

Fleutiaux, 1900

LeConte, 1866

Say, 1836

LeConte

Say, 1823

Kirby, 1937

Harris, 1828

Stephens, 1829

Fabricius, 1775

BOLD:ABV1545

Melsheimer, 1844

Orchymont, 1938

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1767

BOLD:ACV4844

G. Olivier, 1790

Say, 1823

Newman 1838

Herbst, 1793

BOLD:AAI8935

Horn, 1880

BOLD:AAR3435

Peck and Cook, 2002

BOLD:AAH3504

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAP6949

LeConte

LeConte, 1866

De Geer, 1775

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAK7242

LeConte, 1853

Kirby, 1837

Fabricius, 1798

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAN5932

LeConte, 1862

LeConte, 1862

Ray, 1936

LeConte, 1862

Melsheimer, 1845

Helmuth, 1864

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAU6912

Say, 1824

LeConte

LeConte, 1856

Parsons, 1943

Erichson, 1843

Olivier, 1790

Say 1835

Olivier, 1790

Linnaeus, 1758

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAH0115

Say

Casey, 1916

BOLD:AAH0135

LeConte, 1856

Melsheimer, 1844

BOLD:AAH0134

DeKay, 1844

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAP8586

Leconte

Newman, 1838

Melsheimer, 1846

Say, 1824

Razumowski, 1789

Linnaeus, 1767

Say, 1823

Linnaeus, 1767

BOLD:AAM7733

Fabricius, 1801

Palisot de Beauvois, 1805

LeConte, 1850

BOLD:AAD1098

Melsheimer, 1845

BOLD:AAJ2312

Newman, 1841

Linnaeus, 1767

Beauvois, 1805

Tournier, 1868

BOLD:AAG3633

Guerin and Memeville, 1834

BOLD:AAG7259

LeConte

BOLD:AAP7021

Guerin

Eichhoff, 1868

Bechstein, 1805

Hopkins, 1915

Say, 1826

BOLD:AAH0469

Melsheimer, 1846

Linnaeus, 1758

Say, 1825

BOLD:AAE1939

Fabricius, 1781

Waltl, 1834

BOLD:AAJ2005

Fabricius, 1792

BOLD:AAO0157

Haldeman, 1846

BOLD:AAW6380

Gravenhorst, 1802

BOLD:ABA5313

Gravenhorst, 1806

BOLD:AAR3352

Block, 1799

Thomson, 1852

BOLD:ABA9094

Gravenhorst, 1806

Gravenhorst, 1802

BOLD:AAO0558

Say, 1834

BOLD:ACV1788

Campbell, 1982

BOLD:ABA6331

Gravenhorst, 1802

BOLD:ABA6370

Erichson, 1839

BOLD:ABW2870

Casey, 1911

BOLD:ACJ6804

Mannerheim, 1830

Casey, 1915

BOLD:AAH0113

Gravenhorst, 1802

BOLD:ACJ0017

Melsheimer

BOLD:ACP0011

Erichson, 1839

BOLD:ACC1294

Fabricius, 1793

BOLD:AAH0108

Muller & Kunze, 1822

BOLD:AAN9916

Gravenhorst, 1802

BOLD:AAH0107

Stephens, 1832

BOLD:ABX2484

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAN9511

Horn, 1877

BOLD:AAU6934

Fabricius, 1781

BOLD:ABA9096

Gyllenhal, 1810

BOLD:ABW9580

Olivier, 1795

BOLD:AAG4333

Newman, 1838

Horn, 1888

BOLD:AAK7440

Newman, 1838

Say, 1827

BOLD:ACI7017

Say, 1839

BOLD:AAU7339

Blanchard, 1917

BOLD:ABA9083

Schaeffer, 1916

BOLD:AAN6148

Bonvouloir, 1859

Melsheimer, 1844

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAG9897

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The second of five checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains members of Phylum , Class (Orders , , and ).

Rondani, 1874

BOLD:AAJ7105

de Meijere, 1924

BOLD:AAJ9681

Frick, 1956

BOLD:AAV4861

Hendel, 1920

Loew, 1863

Strobl, 1880

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAF1051

Frost, 1924

Coquillett, 1902

BOLD:AAI7960

Riley, 1885

BOLD:AAF6806

Spencer, 1965

BOLD:ACE7414

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAG9234|BOLD:ACJ0616

Hering, 1937

Melander, 1913

BOLD:AAK5607

Spencer, 1969

BOLD:AAI3360|BOLD:ABZ1036

Malloch, 1918

BOLD:AAP8823|BOLD:ACV3095|BOLD:ACV5944

Siebke, 1864

BOLD:AAG4751

Valley, 1982

BOLD:AAY1337

Fallen, 1823

BOLD:AAH9376

Sehgal, 1971

BOLD:AAL4176

Spencer, 1973

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAG2000

Fabricius, 1775

BOLD:AAG1998

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAP2970

Meigen, 1826

Meigen, 1826

BOLD:AAA3453

Zetterstedt, 1845

BOLD:AAP8833

Ringdahl, 1918

BOLD:AAP2968

Meigen, 1826

BOLD:AAG2463

Walker, 1849

BOLD:AAG2479

Melander, 1913

BOLD:AAG4827

Rohacek & Barber, 2005

Meigen, 1820

Linnaeus, 1763

Macquart, 1838

Williston, 1883

Williston, 1883

Back, 1904

Say, 1824

McAtee, 1919

McAtee, 1919

Fabricius, 1805

Walker, 1849

Mathis & Freidberg, 1994

BOLD:AAV0437|BOLD:ABV3853

Say, 1823

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:ABV0388

Linnaeus, 1758

Wiedemann, 1821

Johnson, 1919

De Geer, 1776

Hall, 1948

BOLD:ABY7153

Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

BOLD:AAB0868

Meigen, 1826

BOLD:AAB9140

Wainwright, 1940

BOLD:AAP2825

Jacentkovsky, 1944

BOLD:AAI2766

Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863

BOLD:AAI2765

Macquart, 1834

BOLD:AAG6745

Fabricius, 1794

BOLD:AAH3035

Osten Sacken, 1862

BOLD:AAA2254|BOLD:ABX5689

Felt, 1907

BOLD:ABV1420

Felt, 1907

BOLD:AAM1947|BOLD:AAM1948|BOLD:AAM1954|BOLD:ACG8775|BOLD:ACN2213

Beutenmuller, 1907

BOLD:ACL0470

Tavares, 1930

BOLD:AAQ0642

Say, 1817

BOLD:ABV9277

Coquillett, 1901

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAM6273

BOLD:AAG1021

De Geer, 1776

BOLD:AAN5341

Keyl, 1960

BOLD:AAJ4295

Kiknadze & Butler, 1999

BOLD:AAB4658

Johannsen, 1908

BOLD:AAB4657

Keyl, 1961

BOLD:AAI4303

Townes, 1945

BOLD:ACV5571

Kieffer, 1924

BOLD:AAJ3263

Roback, 1971

BOLD:AAC4802|BOLD:AAN5351

Winnertz, 1846

BOLD:AAN5330

Goetghebuer, 1927

Meigen, 1818

BOLD:ACC7282

BOLD:AAP5141

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAE4298

Macquart, 1826

BOLD:AAP5920

Edwards, 1929

BOLD:ACS9429|BOLD:ACT0257

Goetghebuer, 1935

BOLD:AAG1005|BOLD:ACV5403|BOLD:ACV5404

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAL7329

Kieffer, 1916

BOLD:AAC0706

Edwards, 1929

BOLD:AAP6873

Kieffer, 1911

BOLD:AAN5343

Kieffer, 1914

BOLD:AAB7361

BOLD:ABU5525

BOLD:ABX5809

Johannsen, 1905

Anderson, Stur & Ekrem, 2013

BOLD:AAF7088

De Geer, 1776

BOLD:AAE0707

Kieffer, 1918

BOLD:AAM6277

Saether, 1977

BOLD:AAC3041

Walker, 1828

BOLD:AAE5762

Roback, 1957

BOLD:AAG1000

Roback, 1957

BOLD:AAB2641|BOLD:AAB2645|BOLD:ACV3368

Soponis, 1977

BOLD:AAB7872

Kieffer, 1909

BOLD:AAB3988

Oliver, 1959

BOLD:AAI2601

Walker, 1856

BOLD:AAC4197

Johannsen, 1905

BOLD:AAE3698

Schneider, 1885

BOLD:AAD1485

Edwards, 1929

BOLD:AAC8842|BOLD:ACF2457

BOLD:AAP2907

BOLD:AAE3675

Walker, 1856

BOLD:AAD1397

Walker, 1856

BOLD:AAF6432

Beck and Beck, 1964

BOLD:AAM6249

Walker, 1848

BOLD:AAI0332

Goetghebuer, 1932

BOLD:AAF4817

BOLD:AAM7064

BOLD:AAN5358

BOLD:AAH9641

BOLD:ACP4736

Ekrem, 2007

BOLD:AAD0300

Edwards, 1929

BOLD:ACV5604|BOLD:ACV5898

Roback, 1957

BOLD:AAC4523|BOLD:AAC4525

Kieffer, 1925

BOLD:ACJ3722|BOLD:ACV3832

Brundin, 1947

BOLD:AAC3354

Ekrem, Sublette & Sublette, 2003

BOLD:AAD2144

Roback, 1957

BOLD:AAD5253|BOLD:AAD5254

Coquillett, 1898

Loew, 1863

Loew, 1863

BOLD:AAP5169

Loew, 1858

BOLD:AAH4208

Loew, 1863

Macquart, 1835

BOLD:ACC7744

Malloch, 1915

BOLD:AAH4210

Malloch, 1913

BOLD:ACM2340

Greene, 1918

Becker, 1912

BOLD:ABW1379

Malloch, 1913

BOLD:ABZ4644

Becker, 1912

Linnaeus, 1758

Becker, 1912

BOLD:ACE3223

Malloch, 1916

BOLD:ACE0829

Loew, 1869

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAH4135

Malloch, 1914

BOLD:ACV5890

Johnson, 1913

BOLD:AAF4394

Walker, 1849

Malloch, 1922

BOLD:AAJ4032

Loew, 1864

BOLD:AAJ4031

Johnson, 1913

BOLD:AAN5648

Melander and Argo, 1924

Say, 1823

Theobald

Meigen, 1818

BOLD:AAC1222

(Walker, 1848)

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAA7067

Say, 1824

Walker, 1856

BOLD:AAB2539

Theobald, 1901

BOLD:AAA7661

Walker, 1856

BOLD:AAB6943|BOLD:ABY7666

Walker

Gosseries, 1989

Loew, 1866

Meigen, 1824

Loew, 1857

BOLD:AAZ3931

Van Duzee, 1913

BOLD:ABW1193

Loew, 1861

Loew, 1862

BOLD:AAE2703

Sturtevant, 1916

BOLD:AAB8851

Wheeler, 1960

BOLD:AAB7507

Walker, 1849

BOLD:AAG8500

Loew, 1862

BOLD:AAG8491

Chillcott, 1959

BOLD:AAM7337

Mathis & Zatwarnicki, 1990

Cresson, 1922

BOLD:ABY0801

Cresson, 1942

Meigen, 1830

Fallen, 1813

Fallen 1823

BOLD:ABA8754

Coquillett, 1900

Meigen, 1830

Fallen, 1813

Loew, 1862

Deonier, 1971

Cresson, 1933

Clausen, 1977

Fallen, 1813

Loew, 1861

Becker, 1896

BOLD:AAG2740

Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954

Loew, 1862

Fallen, 1813

Collin, 1930

Haliday, 1839

Sturtevant & Wheeler, 1954

Meigen, 1826

BOLD:AAU6630

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAC8595

Meigen, 1820

BOLD:ACE5974

Fallen, 1815

Melander, 1924

BOLD:AAP6357

Melander, 1927

BOLD:AAV3697

Meigen, 1804

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAQ0265

Collin, 1961

Zetterstedt, 1838

BOLD:ABA0579

Loew, 1864

BOLD:AAN5500

Meigen, 1818

BOLD:AAP2528

Perusse & Wheeler 2000

Coquillett, 1902

BOLD:AAN8633

Say, 1823

BOLD:ACL8650

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAN5882

Alexander, 1926

BOLD:ACB0353

Macq.

BOLD:AAF9008

Osten Sacken, 1860

Lundbeck, 1898

BOLD:AAU6544

Osten Sacken, 1859

BOLD:ACA9818

Osten Sacken, 1869

BOLD:AAI1351

Fallen, 1810

Walker, 1849

BOLD:AAP8989

Say, 1823

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAP8985

Loew, 1869

BOLD:AAG0166|BOLD:AAG0169

Loew, 1869

Fabricius, 1775

Fallen, 1825

Harris, 1780

BOLD:AAC2498

Stein, 1898

BOLD:AAG1742

Stein, 1898

BOLD:AAP1125

(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)

Walker, 1849

Harris, 1788

BOLD:AAB8817

Fabricius, 1781

BOLD:AAD7145

Vockeroth, 1980

BOLD:ABV3010

Johannsen, 1912

BOLD:ACM3454

Staeger, 1840

BOLD:AAI3260

De Geer, 1776

BOLD:ACF2821

Walker, 1848

BOLD:AAP4734

Johannsen, 1910

Loew, 1869

(Staeger, 1840)

BOLD:AAU4912

Chandler, 1991

Sabrosky, 1959

BOLD:AAP8071

Collin, 1952

BOLD:ACV3828

(Meigen, 1830)

BOLD:ACM2703

Fallen, 1823

Osten Sacken, 1859

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAN8685

Disney, 2004

BOLD:AAG3248

Buck & Disney, 2001

Wood, 1909

(Schmitz, 1918)

BOLD:AAL9075

Loew, 1866

BOLD:AAY6384

Meigen, 1804

BOLD:AAG3274

Schmitz, 1926

BOLD:AAZ6701

Rapp, 1943

Say, 1823

Loew, 1860

BOLD:AAF9707

Wakerly, 1959

Fabricius, 1794

BOLD:AAP6388

Tonnoir, 1922

BOLD:AAN8770

Loew, 1862

BOLD:ACV5660

Fabricius, 1805

Linnaeus, 1758

Parker, 1914

BOLD:AAH7139

Townsend, 1892

Baranov, 1937

BOLD:AAG6743

Wulp, 1890

BOLD:AAG6744

Loew, 1863

BOLD:AAH4235

Fallen, 1819

BOLD:AAH4234

Meigen, 1826

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAH0022

Frey, 1948

BOLD:AAV1295

Zetterstedt, 1838

BOLD:AAV1366

Meigen, 1818

Fabricius, 1787

BOLD:AAM9254

Tuomikoski, 1960

BOLD:ABA0929

Winnertz, 1868

BOLD:AAM9252

Mohrig & Menzel, 1990

BOLD:ACA4924

Lengersdorf, 1926

BOLD:AAU6513

Lengersdorf, 1942

BOLD:AAU6537

Mohrig & Menzel, 1992

BOLD:AAM9242

Tuomikoski, 1960

BOLD:AAN6437

Menzel & Smith, 2007

BOLD:AAU6542

Lengersdorf, 1934

BOLD:AAH3968|BOLD:AAN6439

Meigen, 1804

BOLD:AAH3983

Staeger, 1840

BOLD:ACD1218

Lengersdorf, 1940

BOLD:ABA1215

Mohrig & Menzel, 1990

BOLD:ACC1855

Mohrig & Mamaev, 1985

BOLD:AAN6430

Zetterstedt, 1851

BOLD:AAN6431

Zetterstedt, 1851

Loew, 1864

Steyskal, 1954

BOLD:AAG6869

Loew, 1847

Macquart, 1843

Fallen, 1820

BOLD:AAG5640

Schrank, 1803

Fabricius, 1794

BOLD:AAG5639

Adler and Kim, 1985

BOLD:AAD4764

Syme and Davies, 1958

Zetterstedt, 1838

BOLD:AAA4121

Strobl, 1909

BOLD:AAG7283

Zetterstedt, 1847

Stenhammar, 1854

BOLD:AAN6407

Rondani, 1880

BOLD:ACF7714

Fallen, 1820

BOLD:AAJ7412

Haliday, 1836

Fallen, 1820

Rondani, 1880

Becker, 1919

BOLD:AAG7276

Meigen, 1830

Spuler, 1925

Marshall, 1985

BOLD:AAG7309

Collin, 1902

Haliday, 1836

Spuler, 1925

Zetterstedt, 1847

Spuler 1924

Fallén, 1820

Stenhammar, 1855

Adams 1904

Stenhammar, 1854

Meigen, 1830

Rondani, 1880

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:AAG7279

Richards, 1965

Latreille, 1805

Meigen, 1830

BOLD:ACJ1971

Rohacek and Marshall, 1985

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAP7640

Say, 1823

Loew, 1863

Loew, 1866

Loew, 1866

Linnaeus, 1758

Melander, 1903

Hanson, 1958

Curran, 1925

McFadden, 1971

Say, 1824

Wiedemann, 1830

Loew, 1866

Osten Sacken, 1877

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAD8276

Walker, 1849

BOLD:AAP8757

Walker, 1849

BOLD:AAG4679

Fabricius, 1805

BOLD:AAG6762

Loew, 1864

Meigen

BOLD:ACV5348

Meigen, 1822

Linnaeus, 1758

Wiedemann, 1830

Walker, 1849

Osten Sacken, 1877

Linnaeus, 1758

Wiedemann, 1830

Wiedemann, 1830

Osten Sacken, 1877

Loew, 1863

BOLD:AAE0948

Walker, 1849

Loew, 1866

Loew, 1872

BOLD:AAY9807

Fabricius, 1805

Linnaeus 1758

Fabricius, 1794

Loew, 1864

Loew, 1972

BOLD:AAV0836

Williston, 1887

BOLD:AAG6766

Macquart, 1834

Wiedemann, 1830

Meigen, 1822

BOLD:AAC2439

Loew, 1963

Staeger, 1845

BOLD:ACF4734

Say, 1824

BOLD:AAF1237

Say, 1823

Staeger, 1843

Macquart, 1842

BOLD:ABX5395

Knutson, 1973

Knutson, 1973

Knutson, 1973

Macquart, 1847

Meigen

Williston, 1887

BOLD:ACR0385

Coquillett, 1910

Loew, 1872

Linnaeus, 1758

Osten Sacken, 1875

Linnaeus

BOLD:AAA4570

Osten Sacken, 1875

BOLD:AAC6088

Say, 1923

BOLD:AAC1312

Say, 1823

BOLD:AAA4277

Loew, 1863

BOLD:AAK0114

Loew, 1866

Wulp, 1867

Macquart, 1850

BOLD:ACE5640

Pechuman and Teskey, 1967

Wiedemann, 1828

Osten Sacken, 1875

Wiedemann, 1821

Osten Sacken, 1878

Macquart, 1838

BOLD:AAF0889

Fabricius

Curran, 1933

Meigen, 1824

BOLD:AAV0903

Reinhard, 1952

Coquillett, 1895

BOLD:ABX6290

Coquillett, 1902

BOLD:AAP2717

Townsend, 1892

BOLD:ACE2864

Townsend, 1892

BOLD:AAG2432

Curran, 1925

BOLD:ACF1129

Fallen, 1810

BOLD:ABY8575

Mesnil, 1957

BOLD:AAG2172

Curran, 1932

BOLD:AAP2721

O'Hara, 1983

BOLD:AAZ4865

Loew, 1862

Fitch, 1855

Fitch, 1855

Loew, 1862

Linnaeus, 1758

Loew, 1873

Linnaeus, 1758

Doane, 1911

Walker, 1848

BOLD:AAF8990

Alexander

Vasey 1977

Loew, 1863

Weid

Steyskal 1947

Van der Wulp 1867

Loew, 1863

BOLD:AAJ9649

Walker, 1848

BOLD:AAM7333|BOLD:AAP7637

McDunnough, 1921

Walsh, 1862

Linnaeus, 1761

Daggy, 1945

Banks, 1907

Serville, 1829

Say, 1839

Kelton, 1977

Say, 1832

White, 1879

Mosley, 1841

BOLD:AAF3206

Harris, 1776

Matsumura, 1917

BOLD:AAB7938

Thomas, 1879

BOLD:AAB6817

Oestlund, 1887

BOLD:AAF7621

Riley, C.V., 1879

BOLD:AAD7955

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAD0131

Davis, 1914

BOLD:AAD9153

Fitch, 1866

BOLD:AAA2079

Linnaeus, 1761

Hille Ris Lambers, 1960

BOLD:AAD1238

Say, 1832

Say, 1832

Fallén, 1805

Walker, 1851

Say, 1825

Say, 1825

Linnaeus, 1758

Schrank, 1776

Linnaeus, 1758

Oman 1933

BOLD:AAG2899

Oman 1970

Donovan, 1799

Donovan, 1799

Metcalf, 1955

Fitch 1851

Provancher 1872

Say, 1830

BOLD:ACV9851

Walker, 1851

Fallén 1806

BOLD:AAY8918

Provancher, 1890

BOLD:ABA5842

Gillette, 1898

BOLD:AAV0158

Fabricius 1803

BOLD:AAG2897

Boheman, 1847

BOLD:AAG8821

Davidson et DeLong, 1943

DeLong 1936

Fitch, 1851

BOLD:ABA5764

Zachvatkin, 1935

BOLD:AAY6741

Cardoso, 1974

BOLD:AAG2868|BOLD:AAG2873

Gillette, 1898

Beamer, 1932

BOLD:ABA5787

Knull, 1949

BOLD:AAZ8495|BOLD:AAZ8496

Fallén, 1806

BOLD:AAG8839

Hepner, 1976

BOLD:ABA5786

Auten & Johnson, 1936

BOLD:AAN8412

Beamer, 1930

BOLD:ABA5830

Ross & DeLong, 1953

BOLD:AAN8287|BOLD:ABZ1306

Robinson, 1924

BOLD:AAY6747

Dmitriev & Dietrich, 2007

BOLD:AAV0161

McAtee, 1920

BOLD:ABA5798

Robinson, 1924

BOLD:ABA5810

Robinson, 1924

BOLD:ABA5810

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The third of five checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains members of Phylum , Class (Orders , and ).

McAtee, 1920

BOLD:AAV0164|BOLD:ACC8414

Fitch, 1851

BOLD:AAY6738|BOLD:AAY6751

Fitch, 1856

BOLD:AAY6742|BOLD:ACQ8506

Harris, 1831

Fitch, 1851

BOLD:AAO8361|BOLD:AAY6752|BOLD:ABA5772|BOLD:ABY9043|BOLD:ABY9046|BOLD:ACQ3943| BOLD:ACV2800|BOLD:ACV2885|BOLD:ACV2886

Goeze, 1778

BOLD:AAG2869

Gillette, 1898

BOLD:ABA5805

Stål, 1864

DeLong & Caldwell, 1936

DeLong & Caldwell, 1936

BOLD:ACC8165

Forster, 1771

McAtee, 1919

BOLD:AAV0157

Say, 1830

De Long & Sleesman, 1929

Van Duzee, 1889

BOLD:ACC9200

Forbes, 1885

BOLD:AAA9422

Fallén, 1806

BOLD:AAV0236

Say, 1830

BOLD:AAN8418

Walker, 1851

BOLD:ACI7197

DeLong, 1941

Fitch, 1851

Osborn, 1900

BOLD:AAY6734

Fallén, 1826

McAtee, 1926

McAtee, 1926

BOLD:ABA5877

McAtee, 1926

BOLD:AAF5980

Knull, 1945

BOLD:ACV8488

Harris, 1841

Fitch, 1851

Abbott, 1913

Palisot, 1811

Sailer, 1948

Champion, 1901

Palisot, 1811

Stål, 1874

Fabricius, 1794

Van Duzee, 1894

Stål, 1862

Beamer, 1955

Van Duzee, 1897

Metcalf, 1923

Say, 1825

Say, 1830

Fabricius, 1798

Say, 1832

Say, 1825

Say, 1832

Stål, 1874

Woodruff, 1915

BOLD:AAY9905

Say, 1824

Say, 1824

Forster, 1771

Say, 1831

Say, 1824

Ball, 1903

Goeze, 1778

Kirschbaum, 1856

Linnaeus, 1758

Uhler, 1872

BOLD:AAF3365

Provancher, 1872

Reuter, 1876

Wheeler, 1977

Slingerland, 1909

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1761

BOLD:AAB2218

Kirby, 1837

Reuter, 1872

Uhler, 1877

Stein, 1857

Van Duzee, 1912

Knight, 1923

BOLD:AAH8507

Herrich-Schaeffer, 1838

Fabricius, 1798

Reuter, 1904

Provancher, 1872

Fabricius, 1794

Reuter, 1872

Reuter, 1872

Say, 1832

Say, 1832

Uhler, 1876

Say, 1832

Say, 1832

Say, 1832

Fabricius, 1775

Kirkaldy, 1909

Dallas, 1851

Say, 1832

Say,1825

Linnaeus, 1758

Say, 1832

Melin, 1930

Say, 1832

Fletcher, 1882

Foerster, 1848

Say, 1832

Fabricius, 1776

Stål, 1862

Stål, 1862

Say, 1832

Dallas, 1852

Uhler, 1871

Thomson, 1870

Fallén, 1807

Say, 1832

Fabricius, 1794

Linnaeus, 1758

Germar, 1839

Amyot and Serville, 1843

Uhler, 1878

Schrank, 1782

Cresson, 1878

Kirby, 1802

BOLD:AAB4998

Dalla Torre, 1896

Cockerell, 1901

Ashmead, 1890

Provancher, 1888

Robertson, 1895

Smith, 1853

Robertson, 1891

Robertson, 1893

Graenicher, 1903

Kirby, 1802

Say, 1824

Crawford, 1903

Panzer, 1798

Robertson, 1900

Say, 1837

Smith, 1854

Linnaeus, 1758

Cresson, 1863

Kirby, 1837

DeGeer, 1773

Cresson, 1863

BOLD:ABZ2516

Cresson, 1863

Cresson, 1863

Smith, 1854

Rehan and Sheffield, 2011

BOLD:AAA2368

Robertson, 1905

Cresson, 1878

Kirby, 1802

Lovell & Cockerell, 1906

LaBerge, 1961

Robertson, 1901

Cockerell, 1906

Smith, 1854

Cresson, 1863

BOLD:ABZ2527

Cockerell, 1903

Robertson, 1893

Robertson, 1895

Cresson, 1863

BOLD:ABZ6834

Lovell & Cockerell, 1905

BOLD:AAC5044

Robertson, 1897

Mitchell, 1962

Graenicher, 1911

Robertson, 1903

Linnaeus, 1771

Haliday, 1834

BOLD:AAA4188

Wesmael, 1835

Foerster, 1862

BOLD:AAU8583

Say, 1836

BOLD:AAA9386

McIntosh, 1855

BOLD:AAG1421

Weed, 1888

BOLD:ABA5941

Haliday, 1833

BOLD:ACW2698

Weed, 1887

BOLD:AAB0520

Nees,1834

Matthews, 1970

Walsh, 1861

BOLD:AAG8371

Linnaeus, 1761

Robertson, 1891

Provancher, 1888

Smith, 1853

Robertson, 1898

Cresson, 1868

Smith, 1853

Kirby, 1827

Cockerell, 1907

Say, 1837

Say, 1824

Banks, 1912

Banks, 1913

Dahlbom, 1844

Lepeletier et Brullé, 1834

Dahlbom, 1845

BOLD:AAG3190

van der Linden, 1829

Fox, 1895

Fabricius, 1793

Olivier, 1792

Fabricius, 1804

Panzer, 1804

Gmelin, 1781

Packard, 1866

Packard,1867

Smith,1856

Packard, 1867

Say,1837

Packard,1866

Say, 1837

Packard, 1867

Linnaeus, 1758

Smith, 1856

BOLD:AAG7762

Dahlbom, 1844

Say, 1824

Shuckard, 1837

Cresson, 1865

Radoszkowski, 1887

Packard, 1867

Scopoli, 1763

Say, 1837

Ashmead, 1897

Packard, 1867

or fraternus

Say, 1824

Fox, 1894[", 1893"]

Panzer, 1803

Smith, 1851

Say, 1837

Lepeletier & Serville, 1828

Smith, 1856

BOLD:AAG3193

Fox, 1891

Saussure, 1867

Drury, 1773

Thomson, 1858

BOLD:AAU8736

Ashmead, 1900

BOLD:AAA7203

Retzius, 1783

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAA2372

Emery, 1893

BOLD:AAD4432

De Geer, 1773

BOLD:AAA9461

Fitch, 1855

Emery, 1893

BOLD:AAE0406

Foerster, 1850

BOLD:AAA9049

Roger, 1862

Wheeler, 1906

BOLD:AAD1528

Emery, 1893

BOLD:AAB9126

Emery, 1895

Buckley, 1866

BOLD:AAF0443

Say, 1836

BOLD:AAC1302

Mayr, 1886

BOLD:AAH7068

Haldeman, 1844

Say, 1836

BOLD:AAA3893|BOLD:AAA3900

Emery, 1895

BOLD:AAG0685

Forster, 1771

Förster, 1771

Fabricius, 1775

Smith, 1853

Say, 1837

Smith, 1853

BOLD:AAD6445

Smith, 1853

Say, 1837

Christ, 1791

Robertson, 1892

Gibbs, 2010

Crawford, 1906

Crawford, 1902

(Knerer & Atwood, 1964)

Smith, 1853

BOLD:AAB7007

Robertson, 1890

Mitchell, 1960

Gibbs, 2010

Mitchell, 1960

Robertson, 1895

Mitchell, 1960

Gibbs, 2012

Smith, 1853

Schrank, 1781

Crawford, 1906

Robertson, 1895

Mitchell, 1960

Graenicher, 1911

Knerer & Atwood, 1966

Robertson, 1890

Smith, 1853

Ellis, 1913

Smith, 1853

Robertson, 1895

Robertson, 1892

Mitchell, 1960

Robertson, 1890

Sandhouse, 1924

Gibbs, 2010

Lovell, 1905

BOLD:ABZ6180

Robertson, 1902

Crawford, 1904

Mitchell, 1960

Smith, 1848

Ellis, 1914

Mitchell, 1956

Robertson, 1897

Say, 1837

Robertson, 1903

Robertson, 1897

Smith, 1853

Robertson, 1897

Lovell & Cockerell, 1907

Robertson, 1898

Lovell & Cockerell, 1907

Robertson, 1897

Robertson, 1897

BOLD:AAC7655

Robertson, 1893

Mitchell, 1956

Fabricius, 1794

BOLD:AAG7687

Thunberg, 1822

BOLD:AAH7052

Thunberg, 1822

BOLD:AAG7768

Thomson, 1887

BOLD:ABA6269

Gravenhorst, 1829

BOLD:AAU8495

Ashmead, 1890

BOLD:AAZ8146

Cresson, 1864

BOLD:AAH1693

Gravenhorst, 1820

Cresson, 1864

BOLD:ABZ4364

Walley, 1967

BOLD:AAZ9563

Dasch, 1992

BOLD:ABA6048

Fabricius, 1781

BOLD:AAD4214

Fabricius, 1775

BOLD:AAU8680

Provancher, 1879

BOLD:AAH1652

Gravenhorst, 1829

BOLD:AAG5797

Thomson, 1887

BOLD:AAG7713

Holmgren, 1860

BOLD:AAU8361

Fox, 1892

BOLD:ACE9045

Muller, 1776

BOLD:AAG7737

Fabricius, 1793

BOLD:AAO2094

Gmelin, 1790

Gravenhorst, 1829

BOLD:AAU8687

Schwenke, 1999

BOLD:AAZ1979

Say, 1829

BOLD:AAG8323

Viereck, 1905

BOLD:AAG7774

Viereck, 1905

BOLD:AAN8172

BOLD:AAI3361

Townes, 1962

Gravenhorst, 1829

BOLD:AAM9125

Gravenhorst, 1829

BOLD:AAM7401

Provancher, 1880

BOLD:AAG7634

Gravenhorst

Cresson, 1868

BOLD:AAL0380

Holmgren, 1858

BOLD:AAM7494

Brischke, 1880

BOLD:AAD1926

Gravenhorst, 1829

Say, 1824

Latreille, 1809

Linnaeus, 1758

Smith, 1854

Cresson, 1872

Cresson, 1864

Cresson, 1864

Cresson, 1878

Say, 1837

Robertson, 1903

Smith, 1853

Cresson, 1878

Provancher, 1888

Say, 1823

Cockerell, 1900

Cresson, 1878

Cresson, 1878

Cockerell, 1898

Say, 1837

Cresson, 1878

Fabricius, 1793

Cresson, 1878

Mitchell, T.B. 1962

Cresson, 1864

Say, 1837

BOLD:AAE5495

Cresson, 1864

Cresson, 1864

Cresson, 1864

Say, 1824

Smith 1855

Huber, 1997

Howard, 1908

Girault, 1916

BOLD:AAN7553

Fouts, 1924

BOLD:ABW3242

Fouts, 1924

BOLD:ABA6127

Ashmead, 1893

BOLD:AAG7891|BOLD:AAY9192|BOLD:ACU5364

Spinola, 1808

Cresson, 1867

Banks, 1944

van der Vecht, 1973

Cresson

Baquaert, 1919

(Dreisbach)

Scopoli, 1763

Dalla Torre, 1897

Banks, 1912

Smith, 1855

Banks, 1941

Fabricius, 1798

Say, 1836

Cresson, 1867

Banks, 1912

Cresson, 1867

Banks, 1912

Gahan, 1917

BOLD:ACL4975

Say, 1836

BOLD:ACL7820

Provancher, 1888

Linnaeus

de Saussure, 1867

Fernald, 1906

de Saussure, 1867

Drury, 1773

Linnaeus, 1758

Norton, 1861

BOLD:AAI4543

Spinola

BOLD:AAE5602

MacGillivray, 1906

BOLD:ACJ9109

Zaddach, 1859

BOLD:AAG7773

Zaddach 1859

BOLD:ACV5952

Norton, 1861

BOLD:ACC8799

Ross 1936

BOLD:ACI4328

Sundevall

BOLD:AAN7643

Fallén 1807

BOLD:AAN7641

Norton 1860

BOLD:ABU8852

Thomson, 1870

BOLD:AAP1085

Gmelin 1790

BOLD:ACK2140

Norton

BOLD:AAN8130

BOLD:AAG3550

Fabricius, 1804

BOLD:ACI7354

Norton 1867

BOLD:ACG2990|BOLD:ACM9731

Say 1836

BOLD:ACC7921

Provancher 1885

BOLD:AAG7788

Say 1824

BOLD:AAU8702

Rohwer

BOLD:ACV5036

Nagarkatti, 1975

BOLD:AAE0242

Saussure, 1852

de Saussure, 1855

Panzer, 1798

Saussure, 1852

Saussure, 1853

Saussure, 1852

Fabricius

BOLD:ACE9710

Provancher, 1888

Say

de Saussure, 1853

de Saussure, 1856

Linnaeus, 1763

Viereck, 1906

de Saussure, 1855

subsp pedestris? No authorship found

de Saussure, 1856

de Saussure, 1856

Christ, 1791

BOLD:AAB7105

Fabricius, 1793

Saussure, 1855

Saussure, 1856

Jakobson, 1978

Fabricius, 1793

BOLD:AAG9055

Buysson

BOLD:AAD5593

de Saussure, 1854

BOLD:AAN8137

Linnaeus, 1758

Dietz, 1910

BOLD:AAA8938

Riley, 1871

BOLD:AAB1096

Murtfeldt 1905

BOLD:AAB4931

Clemens, 1860

BOLD:AAD2085

Chambers, 1875

BOLD:AAH4285

Busck, 1932

BOLD:AAE1519

Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

Clemens, 1860

Ström, 1768

BOLD:AAB4181

Westwood, 1832

BOLD:ACE8375

Hulst, 1886

Walker, 1859

Munroe, 1972

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The fourth of five checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains members of Phylum , Class (Orders to ), and Class . From Phylum , it contains Classes , , and (Orders to ).

Linnaeus, 1761

Clemens, 1860

Munroe, 1973

Zell., 1875

Robinson, 1869

Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

Guenée, 1854

Drury, 1773

Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

BOLD:AAC6982

Clemens, 1864

BOLD:AAA7550

Fabricius, 1775

Clemens, 1860

Walker

Herrich-Schaffer, 1855

Busck, 1908

BOLD:AAF0142

Harris, 1841

Hübner, 1818

Esper, 1794

Guenée, 1854

Fabricius, 1798

Drury, 1773

Linnaeus, 1758

Guenée, 1854

BOLD:AAA4282

Rutten & Karsholt, 2004

BOLD:AAH4276

Busck, 1906

BOLD:ABA4737

Thunberg, 1794

BOLD:AAD8505

Hodges, 1986

BOLD:AAI9560

Walsingham, 1882

BOLD:AAH4488

Busck, 1904

Hübner, 1818

BOLD:AAA8109

Hodges, 1986

Braun, 1921

BOLD:AAE7016

Linnaeus, 1758

Busck, 1919

Sircom, 1850

BOLD:AAC1644

Chambers, 1872

BOLD:ACB8750

Braun, 1925

BOLD:ABY8834

Lee, 2012

BOLD:ACF2217

Keifer, 1933

BOLD:AAC6357

Harris, 1841

BOLD:AAB0196

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Linnaeus, 1758

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Packard, 1874

Wollaston, 1858

[Denis and Schiffermüller], 1775

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Müller, 1764

Drury, 1773

Hufnagel, 1767

Hulst, 1886

BOLD:AAA2999

Fabricius, 1794

Cramer, 1780

BOLD:AAA5234

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

BOLD:AAA3984

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

BOLD:AAA4456

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

BOLD:AAA6926

Clerck, 1759

BOLD:AAA3817

Guenée in Boisduval and Guenée, 1858

BOLD:AAA8660

Frey & Boll, 1873

BOLD:AAD3996

Chambers, 1872

BOLD:AAD2590

Braun, 1908

BOLD:AAH4493

Frey & Boll, 1876

Stainton, 1854

BOLD:AAE3418

Clemens, 1860

BOLD:AAF8198

Chambers, 1871

BOLD:AAI3015

Clemens, 1859

BOLD:AAI3014

Chambers, 1871

BOLD:AAN8981

Müller, 1764

BOLD:AAL6962

Clemens, 1859

BOLD:AAD7999

Braun, 1908

BOLD:AAH4497

Chambers, 1871

BOLD:AAD4915

Braun, 1908

BOLD:AAG1128

Chambers, 1871

BOLD:AAF6577

W. H. Edwards, 1863

Fabricius, 1793

Boisduval, 1852

Pallas, 1771

Cramer, 1775

W. Forbes, 1936

Fabricius, 1793

BOLD:AAC6872

Scudder and Burgess, 1870

W. H. Edwards, 1863

W. H. Edwards, 1879

Boisduval, 1852

Fabricius, 1793

T. Harris, 1862

Scudder, 1863

W. H. Edwards, 1865

W. H. Edwards, 1863

Fabricius, 1793

W. Kirby, 1837

Latreille, 1824

W. H. Edwards, 1862

Ochsenheimer, 1808

Scudder, 1863

Hubner

BOLD:AAA4130

Stoll, 1791

Cramer, 1780

W. H. Edwards, 1862

Godart, 1824

Fabricius, 1793

Cramer, 1775

Fabricius, 1793

W. H. Edwards, 1862

Hübner, 1809

McDunnough, 1942

LeConte, 1833

Packard, 1864

Packard, 1864

J. E. Smith, 1797

Humphreys & Westwood, 1845

BOLD:AAX4784

Zeller, 1839

BOLD:AAC1036

Stainton, 1854

BOLD:AAI0007

Braun, 1916

BOLD:AAU7678

Hübner, 1813

BOLD:AAB7392

Hufnagel, 1766

Walker, 1857

Hübner, 1803

Speyer, 1875

Smith, 1899

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:AAA8525

Grote and Robinson, 1868

BOLD:AAC9569

Brace, 1819

Guenée, 1852

Haworth, 1809

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:AAB3383

Cramer, 1779

Walker, 1865

BOLD:AAC1487

Walker, 1858

Grote, 1874

BOLD:AAA6924

Guenée, 1852

Grote and Robinson, 1868

McDunnough, 1922

BOLD:AAA4097

Grote, 1875

BOLD:AAD9847

Guenée, 1852

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:ABY9574

Hübner, 1814

Grote, 1873

Stephens, 1829

Guenée, 1852

Walker, 1856

Guenée, 1852

Guenée, 1852

Walker, 1865

Walker, 1859

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:ACF4823

Morrison, 1874

Hübner, 1831

BOLD:AAA6652

Haworth, 1809

Linnaeus, 1758

Lafontaine, 1998

Guenée, 1852

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:AAA4128

Walker, 1865

BOLD:AAC0946

Hübner, 1796

BOLD:AAA3933

Hübner, 1808

Walker, 1859

Guenée, 1852

Guenée, 1852

Bosc, 1800

Smith, 1888

Guenée, 1852

BOLD:AAA4426

Snellen, 1896

BOLD:AAA2590

Grote, 1875

BOLD:AAD1810

J. E. Smith, 1797

Franclemont, 1946

Godart, 1819

Boisduval and Le Conte, 1835

Fabricius, 1775

[Schiffermüller], 1775

Fabricius, 1775

E. Doubleday, 1847

Müller, 1764

Linnaeus, 1758

Drury, 1773

Cramer, 1775

Hübner, 1822

A. Clark, 1936

R. Chermock, 1947

Linnaeus, 1763

Cramer, 1777

Cramer, 1775

Drury, 1773

Cramer, 1777

Linnaeus, 1758

[Schiffermüller], 1775

Cramer, 1777

Drury, 1773

T. Harris, 1842

Fabricius, 1798

Cramer, 1775

Fabricius, 1775

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Drury, 1773

Rothschild and Jordan, 1906

Cramer, 1777

Linnaeus, 1758

Fabricius, 1775

Boisduval, 1852

Godart, 1819

T. Harris, 1829

Linnaeus, 1758

Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:ACG9804

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAA1513

Pallas, 1767

BOLD:ACL8669

Haworth, 1811

Walker, 1864

Staudinger, 1859

Harris, 1839

BOLD:AAB0001

Chambers, 1875

BOLD:ACU4456

Fernald, 1882

BOLD:AAA7667

McDunnough, 1933

Walsingham, 1879

BOLD:AAU7760

Fernald, 1882

BOLD:AAA4119

Harris, 1841

BOLD:AAA1517

Kearfott, 1907

BOLD:AAB3571

Busck, 1907

BOLD:AAB7534

Walker, 1863

Kearfott, 1908

Clemens, 1860

Walsh, 1868

BOLD:AAG0330

Fernald, 1882

Clemens, 1860

Clemens, 1860

Robinson, 1869

Walsingham, 1895

Clemens, 1860

Kearfott, 1907

Walker, 1859

BOLD:ABY7901

Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

BOLD:AAC7661

Riley, 1881

BOLD:AAA6740

Linnaeus, 1758

Hagen, 1861

Byers, 1962

Hine, 1901

Westwood, 1846

Say, 1839

Linnaeus, 1758

BOLD:AAG0892|BOLD:AAN7492

Stephens, 1836

BOLD:AAG0891

Walker, 1853

BOLD:AAG0906

Walker, 1908

Drury, 1773

Fabricius, 1798

Hagen, 1861

Say, 1839

Hagen, 1861

Hagen, 1861

Hagen, 1861

Kellicott, 1895

Hagen, 1861

Williamson, 1898

Hagen, 1861

Say, 1839

Hagen, 1861

Selys, 1862

Say, 1839

Say, 1839

Burmeister, 1839

Drury, 1773

Linnaeus, 1758

Burmeister, 1839

Drury, 1773

Montgomery, 1943

Hagen, 1867

Say, 1839

Hagen, 1861

Harris, 1841

Harris, 1835

De Geer, 1773

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Say, 1825

Fabricius, 1798

De Geer, 1773

Alexander and Bigelow, 1960

F. Walker, 1869

Beutenmuller, 1894

Hancock, 1896

Linnaeus, 1761

Scudder, 1863

Say, 1824

Ricker, 1935

Hagen, 1861

Stephens, 1836

BOLD:AAH3228|BOLD:AAN8447

Ribaga, 1904

Müller, 1764

Rambur, 1842

Banks, 1907

Walker, 1853

Linnaeus, 1768

BOLD:ACA2933|BOLD:ACB0984

Bagnall, 1920

BOLD:ABA2981

Osborn, 1897

BOLD:AAI6861

Haliday, 1836

John, 1921

Uzel, 1895

BOLD:ACC0651

Hagen, 1861

Hagen, 1861

BOLD:AAA3679

Ross, 1938

BOLD:AAA3892|BOLD:ACE5263

Hagen, 1861

BOLD:AAC3243

Curtis, 1834

Ross, 1938

Morton, 1905

BOLD:AAE5187

Morton, 1905

BOLD:AAD0137

Morton, 1905

Banks, 1895

Hagen, 1861

Walker, 1852

BOLD:AAA1532

Ross, 1966

Walker, 1852

Walker, 1852

Banks, 1944

Hagen, 1861

BOLD:AAA3441|BOLD:ACL7631

Saussure, 1858

Girard, 1852

Brandt, 1833

BOLD:AAH4102

Koch, 1838

BOLD:AAV6495

Brandt, 1833

BOLD:AAN7523

Forster, 1773

Lacepède, 1803

Lesueur, 1817

Rafinesque, 1818

Jordan, 1885

Cope, 1867

Linnaeus, 1758

Rafinesque, 1820

Mitchill, 1817

Kirtland, 1840

Cope, 1865

Cope, 1865

Cope, 1865

Rafinesque, 1820

Hermann, 1804

Mitchill, 1818

Linnaeus, 1758

Kirtland, 1840

Rafinesque, 1817

Linnaeus, 1758

Lacepède, 1802

Lacepède, 1802

Lesueur in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829

Rafinesque, 1819

Girard, 1859

Rafinesque, 1820

Mitchill, 1814

Girard, 1859

Mitchill, 1814

Lesueur, 1819

Rafinesque, 1818

Holbrook, 1836

LeConte, 1825

Wied-Neuwied, 1838

Wied-Neuwied, 1838

Shaw, 1802

Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801

Schreber, 1782

LeConte, 1825

Green, 1827 and Hallowell, 1856

Hallowell, 1856

Shaw, 1802

Temminck and Schlegel, 1838

Green, 1818

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Brewster, 1902

Linnaeus, 1758

Eyton, 1838

Eyton, 1838

Donovan, 1809

Linnaeus, 1761

A. Wilson, 1814

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Richardson, 1832

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Richardson, 1831

Ord, 1815

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

A. Wilson, 1812

J. R. Forster, 1771

Bonaparte, 1825

Linnaeus, 1758

Ord, 1815

Ord, 1815

Linnaeus, 1758

B. Meyer, 1822

Gunnerus, 1767

Linnaeus, 1758

Coues, 1862

W. S. Brooks, 1915

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Bechstein, 1812

Linnaeus, 1758

Coues, 1861

Vieillot, 1819

Vieillot, 1819

Linnaeus, 1766

Ord, 1825

Gmelin, 1789

Gmelin, 1789

Gmelin, 1789

A. Wilson, 1813

Pallas, 1770

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Rackett, 1813

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1789

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

A. Wilson, 1811

Bonaparte, 1828

Linnaeus, 1758

Vieillot, 1808

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1788

Pontoppidan, 1763

Gmelin, 1788

Vieillot, 1823

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Tunstall, 1771

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Brunnich, 1764

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Vieillot, 1819

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Vieillot, 1808

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Bonaparte, 1838

C. L. Brehm, 1822

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Audubon, 1844

Allen, 1875

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Latham, 1790

Audubon, 1834

A. Wilson, 1810

Gmelin, 1789

Merrem, 1786

Linnaeus, 1758

Swainson, 1827

Gmelin, 1789

A. Wilson, 1810

Swainson, 1832

Bechstein, 1798

A. Wilson, 1810

Gmelin, 1789

J. R. Forster, 1772

Linnaeus, 1758

A. Wilson, 1810

Linnaeus, 1758

Statius Muller, 1776

Gmelin, 1789

W. Cooper, 1825

Linnaeus, 1758

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The fifth of five checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains records from Phylum , Class (Orders to ), Class , and Class , as well as Phylum .

Gmelin 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

(Vieillot, 1817)

Linnaeus, 1758

Audubon, 1838

Vieillot, 1808

Linnaeus, 1758

Statius Muller, 1776

Wagler, 1829

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Boddaert, 1783

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Bonaparte, 1826

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Tunstall, 1771

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

A. Wilson, 1811

A. Wilson, 1810

Linnaeus, 1766

Say, 1822

A. Wilson, 1811

A. Wilson, 1811

A. Wilson, 1812

Linnaeus, 1758

J. F. Gmelin, 1789

A. Wilson, 1810

Boddaert, 1783

Linnaeus, 1766

Vieillot, 1809

Statius Müller, 1776

A. Wilson, 1811

J. F. Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

J. R. Forster, 1772

J. F. Gmelin, 1789

J. F. Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1766

Olson & Reveal, 2009

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

J. F. Gmelin, 1789

Swainson, 1832

Linnaeus, 1766

(Linnaeus, 1766)

Lichtenstein 1823

Linnaeus, 1766

Latham, 1790

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Gmelin, 1789

A. Wilson, 1810

(Latham, 1790)

Vieillot, 1809

Vieillot, 1819

(Stephens, 1817)

Pallas, 1811

Lafresnaye, 1848

Nuttall, 1840

Gmelin, 1789

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Nuttall, 1831

Linnaeus, 1766

Brewster, 1895

W. M. Baird & S. F. Baird, 1843

W. M. Baird & S. F. Baird, 1843

Audubon, 1828

Linnaeus, 1758

Latham, 1790

Linnaeus, 1758

Vieillot, 1808

Vieillot, 1808

Boddaert, 1783

Linnaeus, 1766

Cassin, 1851

A. Wilson, 1810

Lesson, 1831

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1766

Linnaeus, 1758

Boddaert, 1783

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1788

Pontoppidan, 1763

Gmelin, 1788

Linnaeus, 1758

Barton, 1799

Zimmermann, 1780

Say, 1823

Linnaeus, 1758

Schreber, 1777

Schreber, 1776

Schreber, 1777

Linnaeus, 1758

Schreber, 1777

Linnaeus, 1758

Palisot de Beauvois, 1796

LeConte, 1831

Müller, 1776

Palisot de Beauvois, 1796

LeConte, 1831

Trouessart, 1897

Kerr, 1792

Erxleben, 1777

Pallas, 1778

J. A. Allen, 1890

Kuhl, 1820

Ord, 1815

Vigors, 1830

Linnaeus, 1766

Rafinesque, 1818

Wagner, 1845

Zimmermann, 1780

Linnaeus, 1758

Linnaeus, 1758

Berkenhout, 1769

Shaw, 1801

Linnaeus, 1758

Gmelin, 1788

Linnaeus, 1758

Erxleben, 1777

Say, 1823

Kerr, 1792

G. M. Miller, 1895

Linnaeus, 1758

(Lacépède, 1789)

Linnaeus, 1758

Harlan, 1827

Say, 1825

Holbrook, 1839

Storer, 1839

Linnaeus, 1766

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Linnaeus, 1758

Schneider, 1783

Say, 1816

A. Binney, 1841

Say, 1817

E. S. Morse, 1865

Tryon, 1866

Say, 1821

A. Binney, 1840

Muller, 1774

(O. F. Müller, 1774)

Draparnaud, 1805

(J. S. Miller, 1822)

Say, 1816

BOLD:AAN3419

Linnaeus, 1758

(Muller, 1774)

Say, 1817

(Linnaeus, 1758)

BOLD:ACI9420

Linnaeus, 1758

Beck, 1837

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. This checklist contains members of Kingdom , Phylum .

Linnaeus, 1829

/ flavofuscum

(Batsch) J.F. Gmel.

Bull, 1791

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. This checklist contains records from Kingdom , including Phyla , , and .

Finley & E. F. Morris 1967

Koerber, 1861

Willey, 1892

Vetensk-Akad, 1808

Arx, 1954

Schrader, 1794

Bulliard, 1780

Schrad, 1881

()

Jülich, 1982

Persoon, 1799

Curtis 1791

or Ganoderma tsugae

Fries, 1815

Dickson, 1785

Willdenow, 1787

Fries, 1821

Fries, 1821

Persoon, 1818

Persoon, 1792

Bulliard, 1785

De Candolle 1815

Bulliard, 1780

Linnaeus, 1753

Persoon, 1801

Persoon, 1794

Sprengel, 1820

Dickson, 1972

(?)

Fries, 1815

(Tyromyces albellus, Polyorus albellus

Fries, 1818

Persoon, 1925

Tuckerman, 1975

Servít, 1950

(Taylor) Hertel

Coppins & P. James

(Dicks.) Stein

(Hoffm.) Zahlbr.

R.C. Harris & W.R. Buck

(Ach.) Körb.

Flörke

(Ach.) Nyl. 1872

f. sorediata

(Pers.) Ach.

(Pers.) Nyl.

(Ach.) Ach.

R. C. Harris

Körb.

(Linnaeus) Hale (1986)

(Stirt.) Hale

(Nyl.) O. Blanco et al.

Hale

Taylor

(Ach.) Krog

(Nyl.) Krog

(Gyeln.) Hale, 1974

Gyelnik

(Weiss) Humb.

(Schreb.) Arnold

(Scop.) J. Steiner

(Hedwig) Hoffm.

(Fr. ex E. Michener) A. Schneider

(Zahlbr.) Kotlov

(Hepp) Diederich & v. d. Boom

(Linnaeus) Ach.

Nyl.

(Arnold) R. C. Harris

(Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch, 2004

(Linnaeus) Ach. (1809)

(Ach.) Gilenstam 2005

(Hoffm.) A. Massal.

J. Steiner 1919

(Flörke) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt

(Essl.) Essl. 1978

(Neck.) Moberg

(Zahlbr.) Essl. 1978

(Degel.) Moberg 1978

(Th. Fr.) H. Olivier

(Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr.

Degel.

(Linnaeus) Nyl.

(Ach.) Essl.

(Nyl.) Poelt

(Wulfen) Søchting, Frödén & Arup

(Ach.) Zwackh

(Hepp ex Arn.) Soechting, KSrnefelt & S. Kondratyuk

(RSsSnen) Soechting, KSrnefelt & S. Kondratyuk

(Linnaeus) Th. Fr.

(Pers.) Fr. (1822)

(Tul.) Korf 1971

(Batsch) Korf & S.E.Carp. (1974)

(Nyl.) Kanouse 1947

(Pers.) J.R.Dixon (1975)

Pers. (1808)

(Pers.) Fuckel, 1870

(Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Korf

(Linnaeus) Lambotte 1887

Nees) Kuntze (1891)

/erinaceous

(Linnaeus) Svrček (1981)

(Berk. & Curt.) Etayo

(Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1860

(Bolton) Ces. & De Not. 1863

(Pers.) J. Kickx f. 1835

(Hoffm.) P.M.D. Martin, (1970)

(?)

Nitschke 1867

(Pers.) Grev. 1824

Schaeff. 1774

Peck 1878

(Batsch) Lloyd 1904

(O.F. Müll.) Pers. 1797

(Bull.) P. Kumm. 1871

Barla

Wasser, 1977

()

Persoon,1796

()

(Curtis) Redhead, Vilgalys & Hopple 2001

G.F.Atk., 1906

(Peck) Watling, 1981

R.Maire, 1933

()

(Fr.) A. H. Smith

()

Singer, 1989

P. Kumm., 1871

Singer, 1946

Donk, 1949

Hesler (1967)

()

Gillet, ?

Or euchlora

(Pers.) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 2002

P. Kumm, 1871

Singer, 1951

P. Kumm, 1871

Murrill, 1914

()

P. Kumm, 1871

P.D. Orton & Watling, 1969

Fries, 1838

(Peck) A.H. Sm. & Singer

()

Bulliard, 1787

Persoon, 1796

Staude, 1857

Bulliard, 1789

Berkeley, 1847

Schaeffer, 1774

Fries, 1818

Fries, 1818

Peck, 1878

Scopoli, 1772

(Sowerby) Singer, 1949

(Pers.) Singer, 1947

/

(Bulliard, 1792) Lennox, 1979

()

Fries, 1821

/

(Peck, 1893) R. H. Petersen, 2010

(Scop.) Gray (1821)

(Pers.) P.Kummmer, 1871

(Fr.) Quél.,1872

(Berk.) Saccardo,1891

Bresadola,1887

J. E. Lange, 1914

(Bull.) P.Karst. (1879)

A. H. Smith, 1953

Marxmüller & Romagnesi, 1987

(Vahl, 1790) Kummer, 1871

(Romagnesi, 1970) Herink, 1973

(Curtis, 1782) Singer, 1951

R.H. Petersen, 2010

(Clements, 1896) R. H. Petersen, 2010

(Jacquin) Kummer, 1871

(Schaeffer) Kummer, 1871

(Konrad, 1927) Kühner, 1935

(Schaeffer, 1774) Kummer, 1871

()

Singer, 1989

Peck, 1885

(Pers.) P. Kummer, 1871

()

(Bull.:Fr.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson

(Bull.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (2001)

(Pers.) J.E.Lange (1938)

(Fr.) Maire, 1937

Fries, 1815

(Pers.) Fayod

(Fr.) Maire

(Fr.) Maire

(Fr.) P. Kummer, 1871

(Huds.:Fr.) P. Kummer

(Fr.) Quélet

(Batsch) P.Kumm. (1871)

(Batsch) Kummer, 1871

(Peck, 1879) Saccardo, 1887

(Pk) Sacc.

(Persoon, 1801) Harmaja, 2003

(Bres.) J.D.Arnold (1935)

(Kühner) A. Pearson, 1952

(?)

(Bull:Fr) Singer

(Fr.) H.E. Bigelow 1959

(Bull.) Cooke 1871

()

(Pers.) Singer 1936

(Bull.) Maire 1926

(Schaeff.) Ricken 1914

(Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 1871

(P.Kumm., 1871)

(P.Kumm., 1871)

(Kühner & Maire, 1934)

(Kühner,1950)

(R.H. Peterson, 1967)

(Schwein.) Murrill 1909

Gray 1821

Ehrenberg, 1818

Persoon, 1801

(Guzmán) Guzmán 1970

(Peck) Snell (1959)

(Peck) Kuntze 1898

(Linnaeus) Roussel 1796

(Linnaeus) Roussel 1796

Smith 1968

(Schrader) Nakasone & Burdsall, 1984

Fries 1829

Persoon, 1794

(Persoon) Quélet 1888

(Linnaeus) Quélet 1886

Bosc (1811)

Linnaeus 1753

Berkeley & M.A.Curtis (1873)

(Berkeley & M.A. Curtis) Jülich 1982

(Bolton) J. Schröter 1888

(Linnaeus) J. Kickx, 1867

Schweinitz, 1832.

(Hudson) Fries 1821

(Persoon) Fries 1821

(Persoon) Fries 1836

(Schumacher) Pilát, 1939.

(Linnaeus) Lloyd 1921

(Fries) Ryvarden, 1972

(Berkeley) Pilát 1953

Ginns 1984

(Scopoli) Persoon, 1794

(Bulliard) Persoon, 1797.

(Schaeffer) Gray 1821

(Persoon) Gray 1821

(Blume & Nees) Fries, 1838.

Persoon 1794

(Fries) Fries 1838

(Fries) Kühner 1926

(Linnaeus) Kotl.& Pouz.

(Persoon) Kummer, 1871

(Batsch) Fries, 1827.

Lloyd) Burt 1921

/

(Bulliard) Fries (1822)

Persoon (1800)

(Berkeley) Farl. (1908)

(DC.) Corda

(Harz) W. Gams

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The first of two checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains records from Phyla , , and (Class and ).

Hedw.

Hedw.

(With.) Brid. ex P. Beauv.

(Hedw.) T. Kop.

Hedw.

Hedw.

(Hedw.) Brid.

Hedw.

Hedw.

(Hedw.) Ångstr. in Fries

Bruch

(Hedw.) Bsg

(Brid.) Podp.

(Hedw.) P. Beauv.

(Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.

(Hedw.) Lindb.

(Brid.) J. Lange

(Brid.) Mitt.

(Hedw.) Loeske

(Hedw.) Jenn.

(Hedw.) Warnst.

(Hedw.) Warnst.

(Hedw.) Hüb.

(Hedw.) Schimp.

(Hedw.) Grout

(Hedw.) Sande Lac.

(Hedw.) Jenn.

Brid.

(Hedw.) Web. & Mohr

(Hedw.) C. Müll.

Hartm.

(Hedw.) Warnst.

(Grev.) Crum

(Hedw.) Broth.

Hedw.

Hedw.

Mitt.

(Hedw.) Crum

(Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) Fleisch.

Hedw.

(Brid.) Loeske

(Schimp.) Iwats.

(Hedw.) Lindb.

(Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.

Hedw.

Hedw.

(Schwaegr.) Schimp.

(Hedw.) Dix.

(Hedw.) Limpr.

Hedw.

(Hedw.) Gaertn. et al.

(Hedw.) Wils.

(Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. in B.S.G.

(Hedw.) P. Beauv.

Hedw.

Linnaeus

(Engelm.) Calder & Roy L. Taylor

Linnaeus

Ehrh.

Michx.

Linnaeus

Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr

(Michx.) Trevis.

(Linnaeus) Holub

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

W.R. Buck

Willd.

Pursh

(Linnaeus) Schott

(Linnaeus) Salisb. ex Nutt.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Börner

(Michx.) Baker

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt

H. Karst.

Aiton

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Desf.

(Linnaeus) Link

(Linnaeus) Link

Linnaeus

Aiton

R. Br.

(Willd.) O.W. Knight

Walter

E. Sheld.

Wahlenb.

Boott ex Hook.

Spreng.

Boott

Olney ex Fernald

Dewey

Schkuhr ex Willd.

Ehrh. ex L. f.

Boott

Lam.

Britton

Schwein.

Schrank

Dewey

Boott

Willd.

Dewey

Tuck. ex Olney

Schwein.

Muhl. ex Willd.

Wahlenb.

Mack.

Dewey

Muhl. ex Willd.

Rudge

Schwein.

Willd.

(Kük.) Mack.

Ehrh.

Schwein.

Lam.

Wahlenb.

(Wahlenb.) Willd.

Sartwell ex Dewey

Muhl. ex Willd.

Mack.

Howe

Muhl. ex Willd.

Lam.

Lam.

J. Carey

Mack.

Linnaeus

Schwein.

Schkuhr ex Willd.

Schwein.

Dewey ex Schwein.

Schkuhr ex Willd.

Muhl. ex Willd.

Muhl. ex Willd.

Lam.

Schkuhr

(Mack.) Crins

Muhl. ex Willd.

Dewey

Boott

Michx.

Dewey

Torr.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Britton

(Linnaeus) Roem. & Schult.

Schult.

Linnaeus

(Engelm.) Fernald

(A. Gray) Hayasaka

(C.C. Gmel.) Palla

Willd.

(Linnaeus) Kunth

Linnaeus

Raf.

(Ehrh.) Lej.

Linnaeus

Mill.

Greene

Michx.

(Aiton) Raf.

Nutt.

Ker Gawl.

(Linnaeus) L.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Farw.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Walter) Elliott

(Willd.) Pursh

(Aiton) Reveal

Linnaeus

(Michx.) Salisb.

Sm.

(Nutt.) Zomlefer & Judd

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Willd.) Rostk. & W.L.E. Schmidt

Tuck.

Linnaeus

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.

(Linnaeus) Crantz

(Linnaeus) Raf.

(Linnaeus) Rich.

(Pursh) Lindl. ex L.C. Beck

(Linnaeus) Lindl.

(Nutt.) Luer

(H.H. Eaton) Ames

Michx.

Linnaeus

Engelm.

Linnaeus

Wiegand

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Willd.

Linnaeus

Roth

Linnaeus

Sobol.

Vitman

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Schreb.) P. Beauv.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Scribn. ex Shear) Hitchc.

Muhl. ex Willd.

(Michx.) P. Beauv.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.

(Linnaeus) Gould

(Linnaeus) Harvill

(Scribn.) Gould

(Linnaeus) Scop.

(Linnaeus) Gaertn.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(J.M. Gillett & H. Senn) Á. Löve

(Linnaeus) Gould

Wiegand

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Nash) Batch.

(Michx.) Trin.

(Hartm.) Holmb.

Hitchc.

(Lam.) Hitchc.

(Linnaeus) Sw.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Willd.) Trin.

(Linnaeus) Trin.

(Willd.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Smith) Romaschenko, P.M. Peterson & Soreng

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Torr.) Swallen

(Michx.) Nash

(Linnaeus) P. Beauv.

(Linnaeus) Nash

(Torr. ex A. Gray) Alph. Wood

Leysser

A. Gray

(Linnaeus) P. Beauv.

Linnaeus

(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.

(Poir.) Roem. & Schult.

Link

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Nutt.

Engelm.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

(Linnaeus) DC.

Linnaeus

(Michx.) Nutt.

Sommier & Levier

(Michx.) C.B. Clarke

Fernald

Linnaeus

Walter

(Linnaeus) Britton

(Linnaeus) W.D.J. Koch

(Miq.) Seem.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) King & H. Rob.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Greene

Linnaeus

Bernh.

(Michx.) H.M. Hall & Clem.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Muhl. ex Willd.

Linnaeus

Greene

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Gugler) Hayek

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Scop.

(Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.

Michx.

(Linnaeus) Scop.

(Canby) B. Boivin

(Savi) Ten.

(Linnaeus) Moench

(Linnaeus) Rafinesque ex de Candolle

(Linnaeus) Pers.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Michx.

Muhl. ex Willd.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Cass.

(Linnaeus) Nutt.

(Linnaeus) E.E. Lamont

(Linnaeus) E.E. Lamont

Raf.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Sweet

Linnaeus

Fr.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Lam.

Michx.

DC.

(Linnaeus) Hooker

(Linnaeus) Hooker

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve

(Wimmer & Grabowski) Fries

X floribundum

(Linnaeus) F.W. Schultz & Schultz Bipontinus

(Dumortier) P.D. Sell & C. West

F.W. Schultz & Schultz Bipontinus

(Villars) Soják

(Gochnat) S. Bräutigam & Greuter

(Vent.) Barnhart

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Aiton

Muhl. ex Willd.

Aiton

Aiton

Muhl. ex Willd.

(Torr. & A. Gray) B. Boivin

Linnaeus

Mill.

Muhl. ex Willd.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Hill

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve

(Willd.) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve

(Lindl. ex DC.) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) G.L. Nesom

(Riddell) G.L. Nesom

(Riddell) G.L. Nesom

(Willd.) G.L. Nesom

(Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve

(Elliot) G.L. Nesom

(Lindl.) G.L. Nesom

Linnaeus

F.H. Wigg.

Scop.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) I.M. Johnst.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Besser

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande

or petiolata

W.T. Aiton

(Linnaeus) DC.

(Linnaeus) Czern.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Medik.

(Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

(Michx.) Sw.

(Michx.) Alph. Wood

(Nutt.) Alph. Wood

Muhl. ex Willd.

Linnaeus

W.T. Aiton

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Moq.) J.D. Sauer

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Mill.) Britten & Rendle

(Moench) Garcke

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Opiz

(Linnaeus) M. Gómez

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) A. Gray

Linnaeus

(Thunb.) Siebold

Jacq.

Nutt.

L. f.

Linnaeus

Raf.

Lam.

Lam.

Michx.

(Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Aiton

Schult.

Mill.

(Linnaeus) Honck.

(Torr.) Hultén

Bartram & W. Bartram ex Marshall

Linnaeus

A. Gray

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Michx.) House

(Linnaeus) S.F. Blake

Hook.

E.P. Bicknell

Linnaeus

(Torrey & A. Gray) F.G. Meyer

Meerb.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Muhl. ex Bigelow

Linnaeus

Aiton

Michx.

(Linnaeus) U. Manns & Anderberg

Nutt.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Checklist of species observed or collected at the rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. The second of two checklists for Kingdom , this checklist contains records from Phyla (Class ), , , and .

Pursh

(Linnaeus) Fernald

Medik.

(Linnaeus) DC.

Pursh

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Medik.

Linnaeus

Pollich

Schreb.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Muhl. ex Willd.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Gaertn.

(Du Roi) R.T. Clausen

Britton

Marshall

Roth

Marshall

Linnaeus

(Marshall) Furlow

Walter

Marshall

(Mill.) K. Koch

Ehrh.

Linnaeus

Willd.

E.J. Hill

Michx.

Münchh.

Linnaeus

Lam.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

X floribundum

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Griseb.

Schwein.

(Linnaeus) Small

(Froel.) Ma

(Raf.) Holub

or virgata

Linnaeus

Michx.

Royle

Nutt.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Raf.

Linnaeus

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Wangenh.) K. Koch

(Mill.) Sweet

(Mill.) K. Koch

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) M. Bieb.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Weakley, Witsell & D. Estes

Lehm.

Nutt.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Kuntze

Linnaeus

(Pursh) Benth.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Muhl. ex W.P.C. Bartram

Greene

Michx.

Linnaeus

auct. non L.

Linnaeus

X piperita

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Sims

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Benth.

Linnaeus

(W.P.C. Barton) Piper & Beattie

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Rob. & Fernald

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Pursh

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Mill.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Decne.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Lehm.

Vent.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Blume

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Dunal

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Lam.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

W. Bartram ex Marshall

Michx.

Linnaeus

Michx.

Medik.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Holub

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Hill

(Lehm.) Hoch & P.H. Raven

Biehler

Linnaeus

Raf.

Muhl.

Short & Peter

Linnaeus

Nuttall

Linnaeus

J.F. Gmel.

Linnaeus

(Goldie) Walp.

(Linnaeus) Bernh.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Ehrh.

Linnaeus

or grandiflora

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Willdenow) J.R. Abbott

(Linnaeus) Á. Löve

(Linnaeus) Holub

(Michx.) Small

Gray

(Elliott) Small

(Linnaeus) H. Gross

Linnaeus

(Rafinesque) U. Manns & Anderberg

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Michx.

Mill.

DC.

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Elliott

(Aiton) Willd.

(DC.) G. Lawson

(DC.) H. Hara

Linnaeus

A. Gray

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Oakes) Alph. Wood

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Salisb.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Greene) T. Duncan

Poir.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Fisch. & Avé-Lall.

Linnaeus

Pursh

(Linnaeus) Eames & B. Boivin

Linnaeus

Thunb.

(Linnaeus) Nutt.

Mill.

L'Hér.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Mill.

Linnaeus

Grauer

Michx.

(Pers.) Poir.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Pall.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Wallr.

(F. Michx.) Fernald

Wiegand

(Lam.) K. Koch

(Walter) Fernald

Ashe

Linnaeus

Sarg.

Jacq.

auct. non (Linnaeus) Rydb.

Linnaeus

Duchesne

Jacq.

Jacq.

(Michaux) Smedmark

Murray

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Mill.

Mill.

(Linnaeus) Maxim.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Michx.

Marshall

(Linnaeus) L.

Linnaeus

L. f.

Ehrh.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Aiton

L. sensu 1759, non 1753

Thunb.

Marshall

Thunb.

Mill.

Porter

Linnaeus

Willd.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Raf.

(Linnaeus) Kuntze

Marshall

Linnaeus

Du Roi

(Michx.) Small

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Raf.

Linnaeus

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Andersson

Sarg.

Flüggé ex Willd.

Muhl.

Muhl.

Michx.

Nutt.

Marshall

Muhl.

Marshall

Pursh

Sm.

Linnaeus

(L.H. Bailey) Fernald

Linnaeus

F. Michaux

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Marshall

Lam.

Aiton

Linnaeus

(Greene) Gillis

(Small ex Rydb.) Erskine

(Linnaeus) Kuntze

Mill.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Kom.

Linnaeus

Marsh.

Marshall

(Linnaeus) Wallr.

(Linnaeus) W.P.C. Barton

(Linnaeus) Farw.

(Linnaeus) Pennell

Linnaeus

Nutt. ex Sims

(Linnaeus) Willd.

Pursh

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Schwein. ex Benth.

(Linnaeus) Pursh

Linnaeus

Willd. ex Schult.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Nees

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Muhl.

Sarg.

(Linnaeus) Sw.

(Linnaeus) Wedd.

(Linnaeus) A. Gray

(Aiton) Selander

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Sm.

Linnaeus

Aiton

Schrank

F.E. Lloyd

Greene

Aiton

A. Gray

Pursh

Willd.

(Leconte) L.E. McKinney

(Linnaeus) Planch.

Michx.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Dumort.

(Schrad.) Dum.

(Linnaeus) Pfeiff.

(Linnaeus) Dum.

Gottsche

(Linnaeus) Raddi

(Linnaeus) Lindb.

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

Pursh

Linnaeus

Mill.

(Du Roi) K. Koch

(Linnaeus) Karst.

(Moench) Voss

Engelm.

Lamb.

Aiton

Linnaeus

Linnaeus

(Linnaeus) Carrière

(Linnaeus) Michaux

(Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.

Linnaeus

Huds.

(Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller

(Willd.) G. Lawson

(Linnaeus) Bernh.

(Linnaeus) Bernh.

or tenuis

(Sw.) M. Kato

Wherry

(Vill.) H.P. Fuchs

or spinulosa

(D.C. Eaton) Dowell

(Linnaeus) A. Gray

(Hook. ex Goldie) A. Gray

(Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray

(Linnaeus) A. Gray

(Linnaeus) Newman

(Willd.) C.V. Morton

Linnaeus

(Michx.) Schott

Linnaeus

(Willd.) A. Gray

Linnaeus

or vulgare

Linnaeus

Mett. ex Kuhn

(Linnaeus) Nieuwl.

(G. Lawson) Fernald

(Linnaeus) C. Presl

(Linnaeus) C. Presl

Analysis

The two surveying strategies – a four-month long terrestrial arthropod survey, followed by a concentrated bioblitz targeting a variety of taxa – resulted in 25,287 and 3,502 specimens barcoded, respectively, out of a total of 32,645 specimens collected. Observations of an additional 125 species and two higher taxa (for which no voucher specimen was kept) were recorded at the bioblitz (Suppl. material 7​). Altogether the surveys covered 14 phyla, 29 classes, 117 orders, and 531 families of animals, plants, fungi and lichens. This comprised 3,986 BINs of animals, 1,193 of which are identified to species (Suppl. materials 4, 8, 9).

The most diverse groups were , , and with 188, 365, and 584 BINs respectively. In terms of abundance, the three groups , , and had the largest number of specimens with 1,528, 2,477, and 9,636 specimens. The most abundant BINs were BOLD:ACC0651 (: ), BOLD:AAD5253 (: ), and BOLD:AAP5920 (: ) with 349, 636, and 1619 specimens collected. For these three BINs, and many similarly abundant BINs, the presence of closely allied and morphologically similar taxa makes oversampling of these exceptionally common species unavoidable.

​Combining all existing data results in a final tally of 3,348 species (Table 1), 1,102 of them new records for the reserve (Suppl. material 10). An incidence-based rarefaction analysis (Fig. 2 Suppl. material 11) computed in EstimateS (Colwell and Elsensohn 2014) approximates that 6,744 BINs of invertebrate animals are present at the reserve, indicating that our inventory is at most 30% complete. 1,918 BINs were singletons (i.e. represented by one specimen); the high proportion of singletons (48%) is another indication that the species inventory is far from complete (Magurran 2004​). For comparison, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (North Carolina and Tennessee, United States) established an ATBI effort in 1998 and have tallied 18,545 of the estimated 100,000 species present in the park. In only a few months, our survey found 20% of the Great Smoky Mountains total from 17 years of effort. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park has recognized the contribution DNA barcoding can play in their ATBI effort and have included this method in their survey (e.g., Scholtens and Wagner 2007, Zhou et al. 2011).

Table 1.

Summary of species inventory for in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada, following the present study.

Major Group	Common Name	No. on previous inventory	No. on 2015 surveys	New Species	New Total
Annelida	Earthworms	0	2	2	2
Arthropoda:Arachnida	Spiders and others	0	198	198	198
Arthropoda:Crustacea	Crustaceans	0	7	7	7
Arthropoda:Entognatha	Collembola	0	9	9	9
Arthropoda:Insecta	Insects	832	895	778	1,610
Arthropoda:Myriapoda	Millipedes, Centipedes	0	6	6	6
Chordata:Actinopterygii	Fishes	28	14	3	31
Chordata:Amphibia	Amphibians	13	2	0	13
Chordata:Aves	Birds	231	87	0	231
Chordata:Mammalia	Mammals	37	6	1	38
Chordata:Reptilia	Reptiles	10	0	0	10
Fungi	Fungus, Lichens	191	84	60	251
Mollusca	Snails, Clams	0	18	18	18
Plantae	Plants, Mosses, Liverworts	901	103	20	921
Protozoa	Protozoans	3	3	0	3
	Total Species	2,246	1,433	1,102	3,348

Figure 2.

Accumulation curves for singleton and total observed BINs for the 2015 survey of .

Discussion

The present study has conducted an expansive biotic survey, released the data in several public biodiversity data repositories, and published the unique process and findings – all within a relatively modest timeframe. This model for rapid generation and dissemination of critical biodiversity data could be followed to conduct regional assessments of biodiversity status and change, and potentially aid in evaluating progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020. To fully appreciate this approach, a closer look at four elements is presented: highlights of the biotic inventory, the multiple levels of acceleration, future improvements to the resource, and the utility of the resource going forward.

Resource Highlights

The biotic inventory of performed between May and August 2015 was noteworthy for a number of reasons. The taxonomic scope of the surveys, which covered fourteen phyla over several kingdoms, was only made possible by the integration of DNA barcoding and by assembling a diverse group of experts. Taxa that appeared under-represented on the prior species inventory were targeted where possible, and in many cases, increased significantly. Spiders () for instance were completely absent from the prior inventory. Using the expertise of single specialist, focused collecting efforts, and a comprehensive barcode reference library for Canadian spiders (Blagoev et al. 2015) our survey resulted in the addition of 181 species (12.3% of Canadian fauna), two of which were newly recorded for BOLD (, ) and three representing new provincial records (, , ) (Suppl. material 12​). Likewise, only 21 lichen species were reported from previously, but 53 were collected in a single day at the reserve, increasing the species list to 66. Not all the significant increases were in understudied taxa however: 18 snail and slug species () were added, all new to the reserve; 14 species of fishes were observed, adding three to the previous list of 28; and one mammal (hoary bat, ) of the six observed were added to the list for a total of 37. In terms of BINs, many under-represented taxa did not witness a dramatic increase in named species, but did see large numbers of individual (and unnamed) BINs inventoried; the mites (; 268 BINs) and gall midges (; 584 BINs) are remarkable examples.

Rapid Creation of the Resource

The rapidness of conducting this inventory was due to the acceleration of several steps that comprise the procedure. Firstly, several types of passive traps were employed to acquire large sample sizes for minimal collector effort. For instance, malaise traps often collect 2,000 specimens in a single week with only minutes of servicing time. Secondly, as discussed above, the addition of DNA barcoding streamlines sorting of the material, dividing the specimens into distinct units, minimizing the total number of specimens that require examination. Thirdly, in addition to the initial sorting, barcoding also provides nearly instant taxonomic assignment by querying against reference libraries using BOLD; the resolution of the assignment for queried records depends on the completeness of the reference library. Fourthly, the processing of the bioblitz material and analyses of the DNA barcode data were accelerated at all possible stages to test how quickly a large volume of specimens could proceed through all steps. The generation of data following the bioblitz was impressive: tissue sampling and lysis within 12 hours; DNA extraction and PCR within 24 h; cycle sequencing, cleanup and sequencer loading by 48 h; edited and validated sequences on BOLD by 72 h; taxonomic assignment, data release and manuscript presubmission by 96 h; final manuscript submission to BDJ by 108 h. The laboratory steps are mostly accelerated by automation, while data sharing is greatly facilitated by data release platforms such as BOLD and the Integrated Publishing Toolkit of Canadensys (Robertson et al. 2014), and finally, the manuscript stage is sped up considerably by the online writing tools introduced by Pensoft and other publishers.

​Refinement of the Resource

Many BINs are presently identified only to family, subfamily, or at most, genus level. It's important to note that the inventoried taxa that lack species-level determination, including intractable groups such as mites and midges, will be refined over time. Not only does DNA barcoding, empowered by the BIN system, roughly sort the material to direct and minimize the efforts of taxonomic experts (deWaard et al. 2009), but it also facilitates crowd-sourcing of taxonomic refinement. For example, if two specimens are collected in unrelated projects and locations, but assigned to the same BIN, any taxonomic determination on one specimen will be applicable to the other, and the pertinent data (such as identifier and locality) is shared on the public BIN page. For the specimens of this study, their taxonomy could be honed by the efforts of completely unrelated (but now linked) projects.

In addition to this passive approach to refining the taxonomy of these specimens, we will be actively pursuing expert determinations for the unnamed BINs. For many groups, the experts among our coauthors will be able to provide species level resolution in a short period of time (e.g., J.F.-T. specializes in , particularly the subfamily ). For other BINs, and over a longer period of time, it will be necessary to solicit determinations from our network of collaborators that specialize on Nearctic taxa. The public release of these data to multiple data repositories should also aid in recruiting active specialists presently outside our network. The vouchered material, all deposited in a single repository (BIOUG), can be quickly assembled and loaned out, along with the associated data and files that may assist in determinations (e.g., tree files and image libraries: Suppl. materials 8, 9). There will however be taxa for which species names will be problematic, due to a lack of active specialists, keys, and/or revisionary work, and where a large proportion of that taxon awaits description. For example, the number of gall midges (: ) inventoried for rare (584) is nearly six times the number of Canadian species described to date (ca. 100, following Gagne and Jaschhof 2014).

When a significant number of species and other taxon categories become available, the refined dataset can be updated in the various data repositories and potentially in a second, updated version of the paper in BDJ. Any subsequent versions – each with a separate Digital Object Identifier (DOI) – would be linked to the original paper, allowing for continuing improvement and additions to the species list for the reserve. It is important to emphasize that the taxa awaiting species-level determination still have persistent identifiers as part of the BIN system; each BIN is assigned a BOLD-generated uniform resource identifier (URI) upon its establishment (e.g. BOLD:AAA0001). Until the species binomial is determined or described, this URI can be used in its place. For example, this URI permits assessing and comparing local diversity (Young et al. 2012) despite uncertainty in taxonomic placement.

Utility of the Resource

While the overarching objective of the study was to develop, assess and demonstrate a model for conducting and disseminating DNA barcode-assisted biotic surveys, a valuable resource was created in the process. The provides a unique urban reserve with the infrastructure necessary to conduct research in its diversity of habitats; a barcode reference library and updated species inventory can now both be added to the infrastructure shared with their researchers and educators. Ecological studies in particular, such as the ongoing prairie community field experiments (e.g., Harvey and MacDougall 2014), could benefit greatly from this resource that allows the investigation of ecological questions previously impossible to address (Joly et al. 2014, Kress et al. 2015). Moreover, these studies and others are increasingly using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, where validated reference libraries linked to voucher specimens are of critical importance, since this link is generally lost in NGS studies (Cristescu 2014). This reference library created can also be amalgamated with external barcode records, local inventories, and taxon-specific efforts to create regional and national libraries; this study for instance has enhanced the reference library for animals by providing 468 unique BINs to BOLD. Finally, as mentioned above, it is crucial that we begin to assess biodiversity change and disseminate these data widely -- the resource created here can form the baseline for accessible, repeated assessments, to gauge trends in an important temperate reserve.​

Species inventory of rare prior to May 2015

Data type: checklist

Brief description: Species inventory for rare Charitable Research Reserve in Cambridge, Canada as of May 2015, prior to the present study.

File: oo_55088.xlsx

Bat protocols

Data type: protocols

Brief description: Protocols for the bat component of rare BioBlitz

File: oo_54234.pdf

Lysis, primer and marker details

Data type: laboratory

Brief description: Details for laboratory work.

File: oo_54237.xlsx

Summary data for 2015 inventory

Data type: summary

Brief description: Summary data for the 28,789 specimens collected for the 2015 inventory, including BIN assignments and locality

File: oo_55064.xlsx

Darwin core archive

Data type: occurrences

Brief description: Darwin core archive of 2015 rare species inventory

File: oo_55065.zip

Contributors list

Data type: authors

Brief description: A list of all contributors who took part in the collection and identification of specimens collected as part of the 2015 inventory.

File: oo_54646.xls

Human observations during rare BioBlitz

Data type: occurrences

Brief description: Human observations during rare BioBlitz, of mostly plants, birds, etc.

File: oo_55066.xlsx

BIN representative tree

Data type: tree

Brief description: A neighbour-joining tree constructed from a single representative of each distinct BIN collected in rare, along with a single representative of clusters without BINs.

File: oo_55067.pdf

BIN image library

Data type: images

Brief description: A collection of representative images of each BIN collected from the rare Charitable Research Reserve. BINs are listed in the same order as the tree. Specimens without BINs are not included.

File: oo_55068.pdf

Final combined inventory for rare Charitable Research Reserve

Data type: checklist

Brief description: The final combined inventory for rare Charitable Research Reserve as of August 2015; including previous checklist and all 2015 species added.

File: oo_55089.xlsx

Raw data for accumulation curve

Data type: occurences

Brief description: Lot and BIN data was downloaded for each specimen that received a BIN from BOLD Systems. It was formatted for input into EstimateS (Version 9.1.0) for creation of an accumulation curve.

File: oo_54647.xlsx

Sampling and new record images

Data type: images

Brief description: Images of sampling sites, sampling techniques, specimen processing, and three new provincial spider reccords.

File: oo_54975.pdf