Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Signs, and Emergent Treatment.

Hypercalcemia is uncommonly encountered in veterinary patients. When it does occur, the effects can be severe, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized and addressed in a timely manner. Causes of hypercalcemia are varied and include pituitary-dependent and pituitary-independent causes. A diagnosis of hypercalcemia should be made based on documentation of ionized hypercalcemia. The mainstay of emergency treatment usually involves aggressive IV fluid diuresis, the use of diuretics, and, often, glucocorticoids. The use of bisphosphonates has become increasingly more common in veterinary medicine.